Modified GIP Peptide Analogues

ABSTRACT

Disclosed are glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP)-derived peptide analogues which are antagonists of the GIP receptor. These GIP peptide analogues are modified by comprising one or more individual amino acid substitutions and are fatty acid conjugated with/without a linker, so to have improved antagonistic activity and improved pharmacokinetic profile.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP)-derived peptide analogues which are antagonists of the GIP receptor. These GIP peptide analogues are modified by comprising one or more individual amino acid substitutions and are fatty acid conjugated with/without a linker, so to have improved antagonistic activity and improved pharmacokinetic profile.

BACKGROUND

Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) is a hormone secreted from the K cells of the gut following a meal¹. Like its sister hormone glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), GIP is a potent insulin secretagogue². In contrast to the glucagonostatic effect of GLP-1^(3, 4), GIP has been shown to display glucagon-releasing properties under certain conditions (^(3, 5-13)). The interest in understanding the biology of GIP was intensified by the association between rodent GIPR (GIP receptor) and adiposity^(14-21.) In humans, although less clear, there is likewise evidence for a role of GIP in fat metabolism with the demonstration of the GIPR expression in adipose tissue²², an association between high BMI and increased GIP levels^(22, 23), increased adipose tissue blood flow and TAG (triacylglycerol) deposition following GIP administration in a state of high insulin and high glucose²⁴, decreased basal and postprandial GIP levels observed in obese children put on a diet²⁵, and increased fasting GIP levels observed in healthy young men put on a high fat diet²⁶.

Thus, in addition to the general demand from researchers who witnessed the advances in the understanding of GLP-1 following the discovery of the GLP-1 receptor antagonist, exendin(9-39)^(27, 28,) the potential as an anti-obesity agent has attracted additional attention for the development of potent GIPR antagonists. Many different strategies have been undertaken in order to antagonize GIP's function, e.g. a small molecule receptor antagonist²⁹, immunization against GIP³⁰⁻³², various truncations and mutations of the GIP molecule with antagonistic properties³³⁻³⁹, and recently a potent antagonist antibody against the GIPR⁴⁰.

Under physiological conditions the 42 amino acid hormone, GIP, is degraded by the enzyme dipeptidylpeptidase 4 (DPP-4), which cleaves at the third position of the GIP molecule to yield GIP3-42. Synthetic porcine GIP3-42 displayed no antagonist properties in pigs or perfused rat pancreata in physiological concentrations while in vitro it antagonized the human GIPR⁴¹. Many peptide hormones are post-translationally modified resulting in various biological forms with different lengths and amino acid modifications^(42, 43). Thus, it has been shown that GIP1-30 is produced as a result of post-translational processing⁴⁴ and that it is an agonist on the GIPR^(33, 45). If GIP1-30 is secreted into the circulation in humans, the cleavage catalyzed by DPP-4 would result in GIP3-30.

U.S. Pat. No. 7,875,587 discloses GIP receptor antagonists derived from GIP(1-42) having enhanced resistance to degradation by DPP-4, and their use for treatment of insulin resistance and obesity. In WO2004/067548 DPP-4 metabolites are modified by covalent coupling of a pharmacophore to achieve the longer half-life associated with the peptide metabolites and to retain the biological activity of the cleaved peptides similar to the native peptides, including GIP. WO2012/055770 discloses GIP(3-42) as an endogenous metabolite that is readily cleared and with GIPR antagonist effects, and GIP(2-30) as an example of a truncated GIP analogue with GIPR agonist activity. WO1998/24464 discloses the antagonist GIP(7-30).

WO 2016/034186 and Hansen et al. 2016 discloses the antagonists GIP(3-30) and GIP(5-30). Pathak et al. 2015 discloses GIP(3-30) which is C-terminally modified with the 9-amino acid Cex from exendin(1-39) and a lysine-residue modified with palmitoyl.

A range of different approaches have been used for modifying the structure of GLP-1 compounds in order to provide a longer duration of action in vivo. These include introduction of a lipophilic substituent to an amino acid residue (WO 96/29342 and WO 98/08871) and acylated GLP-1 analogues (WO 00/34331). WO 02/46227 discloses GLP-1 and exendin-4 analogues fused to human serum albumin in order to extend in vivo half-life.

SUMMARY

The present inventors have identified GIP peptides which are antagonists of the GIPR, which comprise one or more individual substitutions which result in GIP peptides with improved antagonistic properties. The GIP peptides of the present disclosure are acylated herewith to increase half-life and in vivo stability. The inventors have further surprisingly found that even shorter peptides, such as GIP6-30, GIP7-30, GIP8-30, GIP9-30 and GIP10-30, comprising one or more individual substitutions as described above, and acylated, retain GIPR antagonistic properties. Even more, the inventors have also surprisingly found that longer GIP peptides, such as peptides comprising one or more of GIP31-42 residues or peptides comprising one or more of residue of Exendin-4 attached to the C-terminus of any one of GIP3-30, GIP5-30 and GIP6-30, and which are acylated, retain GIPR antagonistic properties. This makes them potentially useful in a range of therapeutic applications.

In an aspect, the present disclosure relates to a glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) analogue having an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, [E3X₁ K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]):

3    4   5   6   7   8   9  10  11  12  13  14   X ₁  - G - T - F - I - S - D - Y - S - I - A - M -  15  16  17   D - R - I  18  19  20  21  22  23  24  25  26  27  28  29  30  X ₂  - Q - Q - D - F - V - N - W - L - L - A - Q - X ₃ wherein said amino acid X₁ may be selected from a group consisting of P, G, A, S and pyroE (pyroglutamic acid), wherein said amino acid X₂ may be selected from a group consisting of K and Orn, wherein said amino acid X₃ may be selected from a group consisting of R, and or a functional variant thereof, wherein said variant has 1 to 4 individual amino acid substitutions at any one of the amino acid residues at positions 4 to 15, 17 and 19 to 29 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, [E3X₁, K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]), wherein said peptide is modified by attaching at least one fatty acid molecule at the amino acid at position 18 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, [E3X₁, K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]), or a functional variant thereof, with or without linker.

In another aspect, the present disclosure relates to a glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) analogue selected from the group consisting of:

a peptide having an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]):

3   4   5   6   7   8   9  10  11  12  13  14  X ₁  - G - T - F - I - S - D - Y - S - I - A - M -  15  16  17   D - R - I  18  19  20  21  22  23  24  25  26  27  28  29  30  X ₂  - Q - Q - D - F - V - N - W - L - L - A - Q - X ₃  and a peptide having an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP5-30 [K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]:

5   6   7   8   9  10  11  12  13  14  15  16  17  T - F - I - S - D - Y - S - I - A - M - D - R - I  18  19  20  21  22  23  24  25  26  27  28  29  30  X ₂  - Q - Q - D - F - V - N - W - L - L - A - Q - X ₃  wherein said amino acid X₁ may be selected from a group consisting of E, P, G, A, S and pyroE, wherein said amino acid X₂ may be selected from a group consisting of K and Orn, wherein said amino acid X₃ may be selected from a group consisting of R and E, or a functional variant thereof, wherein said functional variant has 1 to 4 individual amino acid substitutions at any one of the amino acid residues at positions 4 to 15, 17 and 19 to 29 of any one of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP5-30, [K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]) and SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, [K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]), wherein said peptide is modified by attaching at least one fatty acid molecule at the amino acid at position 18 via a linker.

In a further aspect, the present disclosure relates to a glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) analogue selected from the group consisting of:

a peptide having an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30):

3 - 4 - 5 - 6   7   8   9  10  11  12  13  14  15    E - G - T - F - I - S - D - Y - S - I - A - M - D -  16  17  K - I  18  19  20  21  22  23  24  25  26  27  28  29    H - Q - Q - D - F - V - N - W - L - L - A - Q -  30 K - Z, a peptide having an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP5-30):

5 - 6   7   8   9  10  11  12  13  14  15  16  17  T - F - I - S - D - Y - S - I - A - M - D - K - I  18  19  20  21  22  23  24  25  26  27  28  29    H - Q - Q - D - F - V - N - W - L - L - A - Q -   30 K - Z and a peptide having an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP6-30):

6   7   8   9  10  11  12  13  14  15  16  17  F - I - S - D - Y - S - I - A - M - D - K - I  18  19  20  21  22  23  24  25  26  27  28  29    H - Q - Q - D - F - V - N - W - L - L - A - Q -   30 K - Z or a functional variant thereof, wherein said variant has 1 to 4 individual amino acid substitutions at any amino acid residue of any one of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP5-30) and SEQ ID NO: (hGIP6-30), wherein said peptide is modified by attaching at least one fatty acid molecule at one or more amino acid residues at positions 6 to 29 of any one of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP5-30) and SEQ ID NO: (hGIP6-30), or a functional variant thereof comprising between 1 and 4 amino acid substitutions at any amino acid residue of any one of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP35-30) and SEQ ID NO: (hGIP6-30), with or without a linker, wherein Z is: a. a glycine, b. a fragment selected from the group consisting of:

GP, GPS, GPSS, GPSSG, GPSSGA, GPSSGAP, GPSSGAPP, GPSSGAPPP and GPSSGAPPPS,

c. a fragment selected from the group consisting of:

GK, GKK, GKKN, GKKND, GKKNDW, GRKNDW, GKRNDW, GRRNDW, GKKNDWK, GKKNDWKH, GKKNDWKHN, GKKNDWKHNI, GKKNDWKHNIT and GKKNDWKHNITQ, or

d. a fragment selected from the group consisting of:

GPSSGA, GPSSGAP, GPSSGAPP, GPSSGAPPP, GPSSGAPPPS, GKKNDW, GRKNDW, GKRNDW, GRRNDW, GKKNDWK, GKKNDWKH, GKKNDWKHN, GKKNDWKHNI, GKKNDWKHNIT and GKKNDWKHNITQ,

or a variant thereof comprising 1 or 2 individual amino acid substitutions at any one of the amino acid residues.

In an even further aspect, the present disclosure relates to a glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) analogue having an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP10-30):

10  11  12  13  14  15  16  17  18  19  20  21   Y - S - I - A - M - D - K - I - H - Q - Q - D - 22  23  F - V  24  25  26  27  28  29  30  N - W - L - L - A - Q - K  wherein said peptide optionally further comprises: the peptide D at the N-terminus (hGIP9-30, SEQ ID NO:), the dipeptide S-D at the N-terminus (hGIP8-30, SEQ ID NO:), the tripeptide I-S-D at the N-terminus (hGIP7-30, SEQ ID NO:), the tetrapeptide F-I-S-D at the N-terminus (hGIP6-30, SEQ ID NO:), or a functional variant thereof, wherein said variant has 1 to 4 individual amino acid substitutions at any amino acid residue of any one of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP10-30), (hGIP9-30, SEQ ID NO:), (hGIP8-30, SEQ ID NO:), (hGIP7-30, SEQ ID NO:), and (hGIP6-30, SEQ ID NO:), wherein said peptide is modified by attaching at least one fatty acid molecule at one or more amino acid residues at positions 10 to 29 of any one SEQ ID NO: (hGIP10-30), (hGIP9-30, SEQ ID NO:), (hGIP8-30, SEQ ID NO:), (hGIP7-30, SEQ ID NO:), and (hGIP6-30, SEQ ID NO:), or a functional variant thereof comprising between 1 and 4 individual amino acid substitutions, with or without a linker.

In an even further aspect, the present disclosure relates to a glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) analogue having an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [H18X₂, K30X₃]):

3   4   5   6   7   8   9  10  11  12  13  14   E - G - T - F - I - S - D - Y - S - I - A - M - 15  16  17   D - K - I  18  19  20  21  22  23  24  25  26  27  28  29  30  X ₂  - Q - Q - D - F - V - N - W - L - L - A - Q - X ₃  wherein said amino acid X₂ may be selected from a group consisting of K and Orn, wherein said amino acid X₃ may be selected from a group consisting of R and E, or a functional variant thereof having 1 to 4 individual amino acid substitutions at any one of positions 4 to 30 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [H18X₂, K30X₃]), wherein said peptide is modified by attaching at least one fatty acid molecule at the amino acid at position 18 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [H18X₂, K30X₃]), or a functional variant thereof, with or without linker.

In another aspect, the present disclosure relates to a glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) analogue having an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [D9E, D15E, H18X₂, D21E, N24Q]):

3   4   5   6   7   8   9  10  11  12  13  14   E - G - T - F - I - S - E - Y - S - I - A - M - 15  16  17    E - K - I  18  19  20  21  22  23  24  25  26  27  28  29  30  X ₂  - Q - Q - E - F - V - Q - W - L - L - A - Q - K  wherein said amino acid X₂ may be selected from a group consisting of K and Orn, or a functional variant thereof having 1 to 4 individual amino acid substitutions at any one of positions 4 to 30 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [D9E, D15E, H18X₂, D21E, N24Q]), wherein said peptide is modified by attaching at least one fatty acid molecule at the amino acid at position 18 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [D9E, D15E, H18X₂, D21E, N24Q]), or a functional variant thereof, with or without linker.

In another further aspect, the present disclosure relates to a glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) analogue having an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [T5A, S11A, I12A, H18X₂, N24A]):

3   4   5   6   7   8   9  10  11  12  13  14   E - G - A - F - I - S - E - Y - A - A - A - M - 15  16  17   E - K - I  18  19  20  21  22  23  24  25  26  27  28  29  30  X ₂  - Q - Q - E - F - V - A - W - L - L - A - Q - K  wherein said amino acid X₂ may be selected from a group consisting of K and Orn, or a functional variant thereof having 1 to 4 individual amino acid substitutions at any one of positions 4 to 30 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [T5A, S11A, I12A, H18X₂, N24A]), wherein said peptide is modified by attaching at least one fatty acid molecule at the amino acid at position 18 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [T5A, S11A, I12A, H18X₂, N24A]), or a functional variant thereof, with or without linker.

Definitions

The term “affinity” refers to the strength of binding between a receptor and its ligand(s). In the present context, affinity of a peptide antagonist for its binding site (Ki) will determine the duration of inhibition of agonist activity. The affinity of an antagonist can be determined experimentally using Schild regression on functional studies or by radioligand binding studies like 1) competitive binding experiments using the Cheng-Prusoff equation, 2) saturation binding experiments using the Scatchard equation or 3) kinetic studies with determination of on- and off rates (K_(on) and K_(off), respectively).

The term “IC50” represents the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50), which is a measure of the effectiveness of a substance in inhibiting a specific biological or biochemical function. This quantitative measure indicates how much of a particular drug or other substance (e.g. antagonist) is needed to inhibit a given biological process (or component of a process, i.e. an enzyme, cell, cell receptor or microorganism) by half. It is commonly used as a measure of antagonist drug potency in pharmacological research. IC50 represents the concentration of a drug that is required for 50% inhibition in vitro. In the present context, the IC50 value can also refer to the concentration of a drug at which 50% of a radio labelled ligand is displaced from the receptor, which is a characterization of drug affinity done in competition binding experiments.

The term “agonist” in the present context refers to a peptide capable of binding to and activating a receptor.

The term “antagonist” in the present context refers to a GIP peptide analogue as defined herein, capable of binding to and blocking or reducing agonist-mediated responses of a receptor. Antagonists usually do not provoke a biological response themselves upon binding to a receptor. Antagonists have affinity but no efficacy for their cognate receptors, and binding will disrupt the interaction and inhibit the function of an agonist or inverse agonist at receptors. Antagonists mediate their effects by binding to the active (orthosteric) site or to allosteric sites on receptors, or they may interact at unique binding sites not normally involved in the biological regulation of the receptor's activity. Antagonist activity may be reversible or irreversible depending on the longevity of the antagonist-receptor complex, which, in turn, depends on the nature of antagonist-receptor binding. The majority of drug antagonists typically achieve their potency by competing with endogenous ligands or substrates at structurally defined binding sites on receptors. Antagonists may be competitive, non-competitive, uncompetitive, silent antagonists, partial agonists or inverse agonists.

A competitive antagonist (also known as surmountable antagonist) reversibly binds to receptors at the same binding site (i.e. at the active site) as the endogenous ligand or agonist, but without activating the receptor. Agonists and antagonists thus “compete” for the same binding site on the receptor. Once bound, an antagonist blocks agonist binding. The level of activity of the receptor is determined by the relative affinity of each molecule for the site and their relative concentrations. High concentrations of a competitive antagonist will increase the proportion of receptors that the antagonist occupies; higher concentrations of the agonist will be required to obtain the same degree of binding site occupancy.

The term “non-competitive antagonism” (also called nonsurmountable or insurmountable antagonism) describes two distinct phenomena with functionally similar results: one in which the antagonist binds to the active site of the receptor, and one in which the antagonist binds to an allosteric site of the receptor. Unlike competitive antagonists, which affect the amount of agonist necessary to achieve a maximal response but do not affect the magnitude of that maximal response, non-competitive antagonists reduce the magnitude of the maximum response that can be attained by any amount of agonist.

The term “silent antagonist” refers to a competitive receptor antagonist that has absolutely no intrinsic activity for activating a receptor.

The term “partial agonist” refers to an agonist that, at a given receptor, might differ in the amplitude of the functional response that it elicits after maximal receptor occupancy. Partial agonists can act as a competitive antagonist in the presence of a full agonist (or a more efficacious agonist), as it competes with the full agonist for receptor occupancy, thereby producing a net decrease in the receptor activation as compared to that observed with the full agonist alone.

The term “inverse agonist” refers to agonists having effects similar to those of antagonists, but causing a distinct set of downstream biological responses. Constitutively active receptors that exhibit intrinsic or basal activity can have inverse agonists, which not only block the effects of binding agonists like a classical antagonist but also inhibit the basal activity of the receptor.

The term “Individual” refers to vertebrates, particular members of the mammalian species, preferably primates including humans. As used herein, ‘subject’ and ‘individual’ may be used interchangeably.

An “isolated peptide” is a peptide separated and/or recovered from a component of their natural, typically cellular, environment, that is essentially free from contaminating cellular components, such as carbohydrate, lipid, or other proteinaceous impurities associated with the polypeptide in nature. Typically, a preparation of isolated peptide contains the peptide in a highly purified form, i.e., at least about 80% pure, at least about 90% pure, at least about 95% pure, greater than 95% pure, or greater than 99% pure. The term “isolated” does not exclude the presence of the same peptide in alternative physical forms, such as dimers, tetramers or alternatively glycosylated or derived forms.

An “amino acid residue” can be a natural or non-natural amino acid residue linked by peptide bonds or bonds different from peptide bonds. The amino acid residues can be in D-configuration or L-configuration. An amino acid residue comprises an amino terminal part (NH₂) and a carboxy terminal part (COOH) separated by a central part comprising a carbon atom, or a chain of carbon atoms, at least one of which comprises at least one side chain or functional group. NH₂ refers to the amino group present at the amino terminal end of an amino acid or peptide, and COOH refers to the carboxy group present at the carboxy terminal end of an amino acid or peptide. The generic term amino acid comprises both natural and non-natural amino acids. Natural amino acids of standard nomenclature as listed in J. Biol. Chem., 243:3552-59 (1969) and adopted in 37 C.F.R., section 1.822(b)(2) belong to the group of amino acids listed herewith: Y, G, F, M, A, S, I, L, T, V, P, K, H, Q, E, W, R, D, N and C. Non-natural amino acids are those not listed immediately above. Also, non-natural amino acid residues include, but are not limited to, modified amino acid residues, L-amino acid residues, and stereoisomers of D-amino acid residues.

An “equivalent amino acid residue” refers to an amino acid residue capable of replacing another amino acid residue in a polypeptide without substantially altering the structure and/or functionality of the polypeptide. Equivalent amino acids thus have similar properties such as bulkiness of the side-chain, side chain polarity (polar or non-polar), hydrophobicity (hydrophobic or hydrophilic), pH (acidic, neutral or basic) and side chain organization of carbon molecules (aromatic/aliphatic). As such, “equivalent amino acid residues” can be regarded as “conservative amino acid substitutions”.

Within the meaning of the term “equivalent amino acid substitution” as applied herein, one amino acid may be substituted for another, in one embodiment, within the groups of amino acids indicated herein below:

-   i) Amino acids having polar side chains (Asp, Glu, Lys, Arg, His,     Asn, Gln, Ser, Thr, Tyr, and Cys,) -   ii) Amino acids having non-polar side chains (Gly, Ala, Val, Leu,     Ile, Phe, Trp, Pro, and Met) -   iii) Amino acids having aliphatic side chains (Gly, Ala Val, Leu,     Ile) -   iv) Amino acids having cyclic side chains (Phe, Tyr, Trp, His, Pro) -   v) Amino acids having aromatic side chains (Phe, Tyr, Trp) -   vi) Amino acids having acidic side chains (Asp, Glu) -   vii) Amino acids having basic side chains (Lys, Arg, His) -   viii) Amino acids having amide side chains (Asn, Gln) -   ix) Amino acids having hydroxy side chains (Ser, Thr, Tyr) -   x) Amino acids having sulphur-containing side chains (Cys, Met), -   xi) Neutral, weakly hydrophobic amino acids (Pro, Ala, Gly, Ser,     Thr) -   xii) Hydrophilic, acidic amino acids (Gln, Asn, Glu, Asp), and -   xiii) Hydrophobic amino acids (Leu, Ile, Val)

Where the L or D form (optical isomers) has not been specified it is to be understood that the amino acid in question has the natural L form, cf. Pure & Appl. Chem. Vol. (56(5) pp 595-624 (1984) or the D form, so that the peptides formed may be constituted of amino acids of L form, D form, or a sequence of mixed L forms and D forms.

A “functional variant” of a peptide is a peptide capable of performing essentially the same functions as the peptide it is a functional variant of. In particular, a functional variant can essentially bind the same molecules as the peptide it is a functional variant of.

A “bioactive agent” (i.e. a biologically active substance/agent) is any agent, drug, compound, composition of matter or mixture which provides some pharmacologic, often beneficial, effect that can be demonstrated in vivo or in vitro. It refers to the GIP peptide analogues as defined herein and compounds or compositions comprising these. As used herein, this term further includes any physiologically or pharmacologically active substance that produces a localized or systemic effect in an individual.

The terms “drug” and “medicament” as used herein include biologically, physiologically, or pharmacologically active substances that act locally or systemically in the human or animal body.

The terms “treatment” and “treating” as used herein refer to the management and care of a patient for the purpose of combating a condition, disease or disorder. The term is intended to include the full spectrum of treatments for a given condition from which the patient is suffering, and refer equally to curative therapy, prophylactic or preventative therapy and ameliorating or palliative therapy, such as administration of the peptide or composition for the purpose of: alleviating or relieving symptoms or complications; delaying the progression of the condition, partially arresting the clinical manifestations, disease or disorder; curing or eliminating the condition, disease or disorder; amelioration or palliation of the condition or symptoms, and remission (whether partial or total), whether detectable or undetectable; and/or preventing or reducing the risk of acquiring the condition, disease or disorder, wherein “preventing” or “prevention” is to be understood to refer to the management and care of a patient for the purpose of hindering the development of the condition, disease or disorder, and includes the administration of the active compounds to prevent or reduce the risk of the onset of symptoms or complications. The term “palliation”, and variations thereof, as used herein, means that the extent and/or undesirable manifestations of a physiological condition or symptom are lessened and/or time course of the progression is slowed or lengthened, as compared to not administering compositions of the present invention.

The individual to be treated is preferably a mammal, in particular a human being. Treatment of animals, such as mice, rats, dogs, cats, cows, horses, sheep and pigs, is, however, also encompassed herewith.

An “individual in need thereof” refers to an individual who may benefit from the present disclosure. In one embodiment, said individual in need thereof is a diseased individual, wherein said disease may be a metabolic disease or disorder such as obesity or diabetes, a bone density disorder or a cancer.

A treatment according to the invention can be prophylactic, ameliorating and/or curative.

“Pharmacologically effective amount”, “pharmaceutically effective amount” or “physiologically effective amount” of a bioactive agent is the amount of a bioactive agent present in a pharmaceutical composition as described herein that is needed to provide a desired level of active agent in the bloodstream or at the site of action in an individual (e.g. the lungs, the gastric system, the colorectal system, prostate, etc.) to be treated to give an anticipated physiological response when such composition is administered. A bioactive agent in the present context refers to a GIP peptide analogue as disclosed herein.

“Co-administering” or “co-administration” as used herein refers to the administration of one or more GIP peptide analogues of the present invention and a state-of-the-art pharmaceutical composition. The at least two components can be administered separately, sequentially or simultaneously.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

GIP refers to glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, also known as Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (or polypeptide). As used herein the abbreviation GIP or hGIP is human GIP (Uniprot accession number P09681). GIP is derived from a 153-amino acid proprotein and circulates as a biologically active 42-amino acid peptide. It is synthesized by K cells of the mucosa of the duodenum and the jejunum of the gastrointestinal tract.

GIPR (or GIP receptor) refers to gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptors. These seven-transmembrane proteins are found at least on beta-cells in the pancreas. As used herein the abbreviation GIPR or hGIPR is human GIPR (Uniprot accession number P48546).

The present inventors have identified GIP peptides which are antagonists of the GIPR, which comprise one or more individual substitutions which result in GIP peptides with improved antagonistic properties. The GIP peptides of the present disclosure are acylated herewith to increase half-life and in vivo stability. The inventors have further surprisingly found that even shorter peptides, such as GIP6-30, GIP7-30, GIP8-30, GIP9-30 and GIP10-30, comprising one or more individual substitutions as described above, and acylated, retain GIPR antagonistic properties. Even more, the inventors have also surprisingly found that longer GIP peptides, such as peptides comprising one or more of GIP31-42 residues or peptides comprising one or more of residue of Exendin-4 attached to the C-terminus of any one of GIP3-30, GIP5-30 and GIP6-30, and which are acylated, retain GIPR antagonistic properties. This makes them potentially useful in a range of therapeutic applications.

GIP Peptides

The present invention is directed to GIP peptide analogues which comprise a peptide fragment of GIP comprising one or more individual substitutions, having unprecedented GIPR antagonistic properties, and one or more fatty acids attached thereto to increase the half-life of said peptide while retaining the GIPR antagonistic properties.

Acylated GIP Peptides

It is an aspect to provide a glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) analogue having an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, [E3X₁, K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]):

3   4   5   6   7   8   9  10  11  12  13  14   X ₁  - G - T - F - I - S - D - Y - S - I - A - M - 15  16  17    D - R - I  18  19  20  21  22  23  24  25  26  27  28  29  30  X ₂  - Q - Q - D - F - V - N - W - L - L - A - Q - X ₃  wherein said amino acid X₁ may be selected from a group consisting of P, G, A, S and pyroE (pyroglutamic acid), wherein said amino acid X₂ may be selected from a group consisting of K and Orn, wherein said amino acid X₃ may be selected from a group consisting of R and E, or a functional variant thereof, wherein said variant has 1 to 4 individual amino acid substitutions at any one of the amino acid residues at positions 4 to 15, 17 and 19 to 29 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, [E3X₁, K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]), wherein said peptide is modified by attaching at least one fatty acid molecule at the amino acid at position 18 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, [E3X₁, K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]), or a functional variant thereof, with or without linker.

In one embodiment it is provided a glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) analogue selected from the group consisting of:

(SEQ ID NO:) PGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR, (SEQ ID NO:) GGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR, (SEQ ID NO:) SGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR, and (SEQ ID NO:) pyroEGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR or a functional variant having 1 to 4 individual amino acid substitutions at any one of the amino acid residues at positions 4 to 15, 17 and 19 to 29 of the peptides of any one of the sequences above, wherein said peptide is modified by attaching at least one fatty acid molecule at the lysine at position 18 of the peptides of any one of the sequences above.

It is also an aspect to provide a glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) analogue having an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [H18X₂, K30X₃]):

3   4   5   6   7   8   9  10  11  12  13  14   E - G - T - F - I - S - D - Y - S - I - A - M - 15  16  17   D - K - I  18  19  20  21  22  23  24  25  26  27  28  29  30  X ₂  - Q - Q - D - F - V - N - W - L - L - A - Q - X ₃  wherein said amino acid X₂ may be selected from a group consisting of K and Orn, wherein said amino acid X₃ may be selected from a group consisting of R and E, or a functional variant thereof having 1 to 4 individual amino acid substitutions at any one of positions 4 to 30 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [H18X₂, K30X₃]), wherein said peptide is modified by attaching at least one fatty acid molecule at the amino acid at position 18 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [H18X₂, K30X₃]), or a functional variant thereof, with or without linker.

It is also an aspect to provide a glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) analogue having an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [D9E, D15E, H18X₂, D21E, N24Q]):

3   4   5   6   7   8   9  10  11  12  13  14 E - G - T - F - I - S - E - Y - S - I - A - M - 15  16  17 18  19  20  21  22  23  24  25  26   E - K - I X₂ - Q - Q - E - F - V - Q - W - L - 27  28  29  30  L - A - Q - K wherein said amino acid X₂ may be selected from a group consisting of K and Orn, or a functional variant thereof having 1 to 4 individual amino acid substitutions at any one of positions 4 to 30 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [D9E, D15E, H18X₂, D21E, N24Q]), wherein said peptide is modified by attaching at least one fatty acid molecule at the amino acid at position 18 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [D9E, D15E, H18X₂, D21E, N24Q]), or a functional variant thereof, with or without linker.

It is also an aspect to provide a glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) analogue having an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [T5A, S11A, I12A, H18X₂, N24A]):

3   4   5   6   7   8   9  10  11  12  13  14 E - G - A - F - I - S - E - Y - A - A - A - M - 15  16  17 18  19  20  21  22  23  24  25  26  E - K - I X₂ - Q - Q - E - F - V - A - W - L - 27  28  29  30  L - A - Q - K wherein said amino acid X₂ may be selected from a group consisting of K and Orn, or a functional variant thereof having 1 to 4 individual amino acid substitutions at any one of positions 4 to 30 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [T5A, S11A, I12A, H18X₂, N24A]), wherein said peptide is modified by attaching at least one fatty acid molecule at the amino acid at position 18 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [T5A, S11A, I12A, H18X₂, N24A]), or a functional variant thereof, with or without linker.

In one embodiment said at least one fatty acid molecule is not attached to the N-terminal amino acid residue at position 3 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, [E3X₁, K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]), or a functional variant thereof.

In one embodiment said amino acid X₂ is a lysine, and said at least one fatty acid molecule is attached to the side chain amino group of the lysine at position 18 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, [E3X₁, K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]) or a functional variant thereof.

In one embodiment said amino acid X₂ is a lysine, and said fatty acid molecule is attached to the epsilon-amino group of the K at position 18 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, [E3X₁, K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]), or a functional variant thereof.

In one embodiment said peptide, GIP analogue or functional variant thereof, comprises no more than one K amino acid residue, which K amino acid residue is modified by attaching a fatty acid molecule.

In one embodiment said peptide, GIP analogue or functional variant thereof, is C-terminally amidated.

Acylated GIP Peptides with Linker

It is an aspect to provide a glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) analogue selected from the group consisting of:

a peptide having an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]):

3   4   5   6   7   8   9  10  11  12  13  14 X - G - T - F - I - S - D - Y - S - I - A - M - 15  16  17 18  19  20  21  22  23  24  25  26  D - R - I X₂ - Q - Q - D - F - V - N - W - L - 27  28  29  30  L - A - Q - X₃ and a peptide having an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP5-30 [K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]):

5   6   7   8   9  10  11  12  13  14  15  16  T - F - I - S - D - Y - S - I - A - M - D - R -  17 18  19  20  21  22  23  24  25  26  27  28   I X₂ - Q - Q - D - F - V - N - W - L - L - A -  29  30  Q - X₃ wherein said amino acid X₂ may be selected from a group consisting of K and Orn, wherein said amino acid X₃ may be selected from a group consisting of R and E, or a functional variant thereof, wherein said functional variant has 1 to 4 individual amino acid substitutions at any one of the amino acid residues at positions 4 to 15, 17 and 19 to 29 of any one of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP5-30, [K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]) and SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, [K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]), wherein said peptide is modified by attaching at least one fatty acid molecule at the amino acid at position 18 via a linker.

In one embodiment said amino acid at position 18 is a lysine, and said at least one fatty acid molecule is attached to the side chain amino group of the lysine at position 18 of any one of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP5-30, [K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]) and SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, [K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]) via a linker.

In one embodiment said fatty acid molecule is attached to the epsilon-amino group of the K at position 18 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP5-30, [K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]) and SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, [K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]), or a functional variant thereof, via a linker.

In one embodiment said peptide, GIP peptide analogue or functional variant thereof, comprises no more than one K amino acid residue, which K amino acid residue is modified by attaching a fatty acid molecule.

In one embodiment it is provided a glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) analogue selected from the group consisting of:

(SEQ ID NO:) PGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR, (SEQ ID NO:) GGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR, (SEQ ID NO:) SGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR, (SEQ ID NO:) pyroEGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR, (SEQ ID NO:) TFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR, (SEQ ID NO:) TFISDYSIALDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR, and (SEQ ID NO:) EGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR, or a functional variant having 1 to 4 individual amino acid substitutions at any one of the amino acid residues at positions 4 to 15, 17 and 19 to 29 of the peptides of any one of the above sequences, wherein said peptide is modified by attaching at least one fatty acid molecule at the lysine at position 18 of the peptides of any one of above sequences via a linker.

Longer GIP Peptides

It is an aspect to provide a glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) analogue selected from the group consisting of:

a peptide having an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30):

3 - 4 - 5 - 6   7   8   9  10  11  12  13  14 E - G - T - F - I - S - D - Y - S - I - A - M - 15  16  17 18  19  20  21  22  23  24  25  26  D - K - I  H - Q - Q - D - F - V - N - W - L - 27  28  29  30  L - A - Q - K - Z, a peptide having an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP5-30):

5 - 6   7   8   9  10  11  12  13  14  15  16 T - F - I - S - D - Y - S - I - A - M - D - K - 17 18  19  20  21  22  23  24  25  26  27  28  I  H - Q - Q - D - F - V - N - W - L - L - A -  29  30  Q - K - Z and a peptide having an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP6-30):

6   7   8   9  10  11  12  13  14  15  16  17 F - I - S - D - Y - S - I - A - M - D - K - I 18  19  20  21  22  23  24  25  26  27  28  29  H - Q - Q - D - F - V - N - W - L - L - A - Q - 30  K - Z or a functional variant thereof, wherein said variant has 1 to 4 individual amino acid substitutions at any one of SEQ ID NO: and SEQ ID NO:, wherein said peptide is modified by attaching at least one fatty acid molecule at one or more amino acid residues at positions 4 to 29 of any one of SEQ ID NO: and SEQ ID NO:, or a functional variant thereof comprising between 1 and 4 amino acid substitutions at any one of SEQ ID NO: and SEQ ID NO:, with or without a linker wherein Z is: a glycine, a fragment selected from the group consisting of:

GP, GPS, GPSS, GPSSG, GPSSGA, GPSSGAP, GPSSGAPP, GPSSGAPPP and GPSSGAPPPS,

a fragment selected from the group consisting of:

GK, GKK, GKKN, GKKND, GKKNDW, GRKNDW, GKRNDW, GRRNDW, GKKNDWK, GKKNDWKH, GKKNDWKHN, GKKNDWKHNI, GKKNDWKHNIT and GKKNDWKHNITQ, or

a fragment selected from the group consisting of:

GPSSGA, GPSSGAP, GPSSGAPP, GPSSGAPPP, GPSSGAPPPS, GKKNDW, GRKNDW, GKRNDW, GRRNDW, GKKNDWK, GKKNDWKH, GKKNDWKHN, GKKNDWKHNI, GKKNDWKHNIT and GKKNDWKHNITQ,

or a variant thereof comprising 1 or 2 individual amino acid substitutions at any one of the amino acid residues.

In one embodiment it is provided a GIP peptide analogue or a functional variant thereof as disclosed herein, wherein the E (Glu) at position 3 of (hGIP3-30, SEQ ID NO:) is substituted with any amino acid, such with an amino acid residue selected from the group consisting of E, P, G, A, S and pyroE.

In one embodiment it is provided a GIP peptide analogue or a functional variant thereof as disclosed herein, wherein the E (Glu) at position 3 of (hGIP3-30, SEQ ID NO:) is substituted with a S (Ser).

In one embodiment it is provided a GIP peptide analogue or a functional variant thereof as disclosed herein, wherein the E (Glu) at position 3 of (hGIP3-30, SEQ ID NO:) is substituted with a pyroE (pyroglutamate).

In one embodiment it is provided a GIP peptide analogue or a functional variant thereof as disclosed herein, wherein the E (Glu) at position 3 of (hGIP3-30, SEQ ID NO:) is substituted with a P (Pro).

In one embodiment it is provided a GIP peptide analogue or a functional variant thereof as disclosed herein, wherein the E (Glu) at position 3 of (hGIP3-30, SEQ ID NO:) is substituted with a G (Gly).

In one embodiment it is provided a GIP peptide analogue or a functional variant thereof as disclosed herein, wherein the E (Glu) at position 3 of (hGIP3-30, SEQ ID NO:) is substituted with a A (Ala).

In one embodiment it is provided a GIP peptide analogue or a functional variant thereof, wherein the K at position 30 of SEQ ID NO:, SEQ ID NO: and SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, hGIP5-30, hGIP6-30), or of the functional variant thereof, is substituted with any amino acid.

In one embodiment it is provided a GIP peptide analogue or a functional variant thereof, wherein the K at position 30 of SEQ ID NO:, SEQ ID NO: and SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, hGIP5-30, hGIP6-30), or of the functional variant thereof, is substituted with a conservative amino acid substitution.

In one embodiment it is provided a GIP peptide analogue or a functional variant thereof, wherein the K at position 30 of SEQ ID NO:, SEQ ID NO: and SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, hGIP5-30, hGIP6-30), or of the functional variant thereof, is substituted with an amino acid selected from the group consisting of R, A and E.

In one embodiment it is provided a GIP peptide analogue or a functional variant thereof, wherein the K at position 16 of SEQ ID NO:, SEQ ID NO: and SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, hGIP5-30, hGIP6-30), or of the functional variant thereof, is substituted with any amino acid.

In one embodiment it is provided a GIP peptide analogue or a functional variant thereof, wherein the K at position 16 of SEQ ID NO:, SEQ ID NO: and SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, hGIP5-30, hGIP6-30), or of the functional variant thereof, is substituted with a conservative amino acid substitution.

In one embodiment it is provided a GIP peptide analogue or a functional variant thereof, wherein the K at position 16 of SEQ ID NO:, SEQ ID NO: and SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, hGIP5-30, hGIP6-30), or of the functional variant thereof, is substituted with an amino acid selected from the group consisting of R, A and E.

In one embodiment it is provided a GIP peptide analogue or a functional variant thereof, wherein the S at position 11 of SEQ ID NO:, SEQ ID NO: and SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, hGIP5-30, hGIP6-30), or of the functional variant thereof, is substituted with any amino acid.

In one embodiment it is provided a GIP peptide analogue or a functional variant thereof, wherein the S at position 11 of SEQ ID NO:, SEQ ID NO: and SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, hGIP5-30, hGIP6-30), or of the functional variant thereof, is substituted with an amino acid selected from the group consisting of A, R, K and Orn.

In one embodiment it is provided a GIP peptide analogue or a functional variant thereof, wherein the S at position 11 of SEQ ID NO:, SEQ ID NO: and SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, hGIP5-30, hGIP6-30), or of the functional variant thereof, is substituted with a K or a Orn.

In one embodiment it is provided a GIP peptide analogue or a functional variant thereof, wherein the H at position 18 of SEQ ID NO:, SEQ ID NO: and SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, hGIP5-30, hGIP6-30), or a functional variant thereof, is substituted with any amino acid.

In one embodiment it is provided a GIP peptide analogue or a functional variant thereof, wherein the H at position 18 of SEQ ID NO:, SEQ ID NO: and SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, hGIP5-30, hGIP6-30), or of a functional variant thereof, is substituted with an amino acid selected from the group consisting of A, R, K and Orn.

In one embodiment it is provided a GIP peptide analogue or a functional variant thereof, wherein the H at position 18 of SEQ ID NO:, SEQ ID NO: and SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, hGIP5-30, hGIP6-30), or of a functional variant thereof, is substituted with a K or a Orn.

In one embodiment a fatty acid molecule is attached to an amino acid residue at any one of positions 7 to 29 of any one of SEQ ID NO:, SEQ ID NO: and SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, hGIP5-30, hGIP6-30), or a variant thereof.

In one embodiment a fatty acid molecule is attached to an amino acid residue at any one of positions 6 to 29 of any one of SEQ ID NO: and SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 and hGIP5-30), or a variant thereof.

In one embodiment a fatty acid molecule is attached to an amino acid residue at any one of positions 4 to 29 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30), or a variant thereof.

In one embodiment a fatty acid molecule is attached to an amino acid residue at position 7, position 8, position 9, position 10, position 11, position 12, position 13, position 14, position 15, position 16, position 17, position 18, position 19, position 20, position 21, position 22, position 23, position 24, position 25, position 26, position 27, position 28 or position 29 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP6-30), or a functional variant thereof.

In one embodiment a fatty acid molecule is attached to an amino acid residue at position 6, position 7, position 8, position 9, position 10, position 11, position 12, position 13, position 14, position 15, position 16, position 17, position 18, position 19, position 20, position 21, position 22, position 23, position 24, position 25, position 26, position 27, position 28 or position 29 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP5-30), or a functional variant thereof.

In one embodiment a fatty acid molecule is attached to an amino acid residue at position 4, position 5, position 6, position 7, position 8, position 9, position 10, position 11, position 12, position 13, position 14, position 15, position 16, position 17, position 18, position 19, position 20, position 21, position 22, position 23, position 24, position 25, position 26, position 27, position 28 or position 29 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30), or a functional variant thereof.

In one embodiment a fatty acid molecule is attached to one or more amino acid residues in the mid-region of any one of SEQ ID NO:, SEQ ID NO: and SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, hGIP5-30, hGIP6-30), or a functional variant thereof.

In one embodiment a fatty acid molecule is attached to one or more amino acid residues at any one of positions 11 to 21 of any one of SEQ ID NO:, SEQ ID NO: and SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, hGIP5-30, hGIP6-30), or a functional variant thereof.

In one embodiment a fatty acid molecule is attached to the epsilon-amino group of a K residue of any one of SEQ ID NO:, SEQ ID NO: and SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, hGIP5-30, hGIP6-30), or a functional variant thereof comprising at least one K residue.

In one embodiment a fatty acid molecule is attached to the side chain amino group of the amino acid residue at position 16 of any one of SEQ ID NO:, SEQ ID NO: and SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, hGIP5-30, hGIP6-30), or a functional variant thereof.

In one embodiment a fatty acid molecule is attached to the K at position 16 of any one of SEQ ID NO:, SEQ ID NO: and SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, hGIP5-30, hGIP6-30), or a functional variant thereof.

In one embodiment a fatty acid molecule is attached to the side chain amino group of the amino acid residue at position 18 of any one of SEQ ID NO:, SEQ ID NO: and SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, hGIP5-30, hGIP6-30), or a variant thereof, wherein H at position 18 has been substituted with K or Orn in any one of SEQ ID NO:, SEQ ID NO: and SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, hGIP5-30, hGIP6-30).

In one embodiment a fatty acid molecule is attached to the side chain amino group of the amino acid residue at position 11 of any one of SEQ ID NO:, SEQ ID NO: and SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, hGIP5-30, hGIP6-30), or a variant thereof, wherein S at position 11 has been substituted with K or Orn in any one of SEQ ID NO:, SEQ ID NO: and SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, hGIP5-30, hGIP6-30).

In one embodiment the K at position 16, and/or the K at position 30, of any one of SEQ ID NO:, SEQ ID NO: and SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, hGIP5-30, hGIP6-30), or a functional variant thereof, are individually substituted with any amino acid when a fatty acid molecule is attached to an amino acid residue at a position other than position 16 and position 30 of any one of SEQ ID NO:, SEQ ID NO: and SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, hGIP5-30, hGIP6-30), or a functional variant thereof.

In one embodiment at least one fatty acid molecule is attached at one or more amino acid residues at positions 11 or 18 of any one of SEQ ID NO:, SEQ ID NO: and SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, hGIP5-30, hGIP6-30), or a functional variant thereof.

In one embodiment at least one fatty acid molecule is attached at the amino acid residue at positions 11 of any one of SEQ ID NO:, SEQ ID NO: and SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, hGIP5-30, hGIP6-30), or a functional variant thereof.

In one embodiment at least one fatty acid molecule is attached at the amino acid residue at positions 18 of any one of SEQ ID NO:, SEQ ID NO: and SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, hGIP5-30, hGIP6-30), or a functional variant thereof.

In one embodiment a fatty acid molecule is attached to the K at position 18 of any one of SEQ ID NO:, SEQ ID NO: and SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, hGIP5-30, hGIP6-30), or a functional variant thereof.

In one embodiment it is provided a GIP peptide analogue or functional variant thereof, wherein said peptide comprises no more than one K amino acid residue, which K amino acid residue is modified by attaching a fatty acid molecule.

In one embodiment the GIP peptide analogue or functional variant thereof is C-terminally carboxylated (—COOH).

Without being bound to any theory, a free C-terminal carboxylic acid may be able to assist in an increased binding to albumin and thus unexpectedly extend in vivo half-life further.

In one embodiment the GIP peptide analogue of the present disclosure has a free N-terminus. Thus, the N-terminus of the GIP peptide analogue comprises an amino (—NH₂) moiety which is not substituted, such as which is not acetylated, acylated or alkylated. Hence, the N-terminus of the GIP peptide analogue may comprise a free amino (—NH₂) moiety.

In one embodiment the GIP peptide analogue of the present disclosure has a free N-terminus. Thus, the N-terminus of the GIP peptide analogue comprises an amino (—NH₂) moiety which is not substituted, such as which is not acetylated, acylated or alkylated. Hence, the N-terminus of the GIP peptide analogue may comprise a free amino (—NH₂) moiety.

In one embodiment it is provided a GIP peptide analogue or functional variant thereof, said peptide being an analogue of hGIP3-30 (hGIP3-30, SEQ ID NO:), and having a sequence selected from the group consisting of:

(SEQ ID NO:) EGTFISDYSIAMDKIKQQDFVNWLLAQKG, (SEQ ID NO:) EGTFISDYSIAMDKIKQQDFVNWLLAQKGK, (SEQ ID NO:) EGTFISDYSIAMDKIKQQDFVNWLLAQKGKK, (SEQ ID NO:) EGTFISDYSIAMDKIKQQDFVNWLLAQKGKKN, (SEQ ID NO:) EGTFISDYSIAMDKIKQQDFVNWLLAQKGKKND, (SEQ ID NO:) EGTFISDYSIAMDKIKQQDFVNWLLAQKGKKNDW, (SEQ ID NO:) SGTFISDYSIAMDKIKQQDFVNWLLAQKGKKNDW, (SEQ ID NO:) SGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQRGRRNDW, (SEQ ID NO:) EGTFISDYSIAMDKIKQQDFVNWLLAQKGKKNDWK, (SEQ ID NO:) EGTFISDYSIAMDKIKQQDFVNWLLAQKGKKNDWKH, (SEQ ID NO:) EGTFISDYSIAMDKIKQQDFVNWLLAQKGKKNDWKHN, (SEQ ID NO:) EGTFISDYSIAMDKIKQQDFVNWLLAQKGKKNDWKHNI, (SEQ ID NO:) EGTFISDYSIAMDKIKQQDFVNWLLAQKGKKNDWKHNIT, (SEQ ID NO:) EGTFISDYSIAMDKIKQQDFVNWLLAQKGKKNDWKHNITQ, (SEQ ID NO:) EGTFISDYSIAMDKIHQQDFVNWLLAQKG, (SEQ ID NO:) EGTFISDYSIAMDKIHQQDFVNWLLAQKGP, (SEQ ID NO:) EGTFISDYSIAMDKIHQQDFVNWLLAQKGPS, (SEQ ID NO:) EGTFISDYSIAMDKIHQQDFVNWLLAQKGPSS, (SEQ ID NO:) EGTFISDYSIAMDKIHQQDFVNWLLAQKGPSSG, (SEQ ID NO:) EGTFISDYSIAMDKIHQQDFVNWLLAQKGPSSGA, (SEQ ID NO:) EGTFISDYSIAMDKIHQQDFVNWLLAQKGPSSGAP, (SEQ ID NO:) EGTFISDYSIAMDKIHQQDFVNWLLAQKGPSSGAPP, (SEQ ID NO:) EGTFISDYSIAMDKIHQQDFVNWLLAQKGPSSGAPPP, (SEQ ID NO:) EGTFISDYSIAMDKIHQQDFVNWLLAQKGPSSGAPPPS, (SEQ ID NO:) EGTFISDYSIAMDKIKQQDFVNWLLAQKGPSSGAPPPS, (SEQ ID NO:) SGTFISDYSIAMDKIKQQDFVNWLLAQKGPSSGAPPPS, and (SEQ ID NO:) SGTFISDYSIAMDHIKQQDFVNWLLAQRGPSSGAPPPS, wherein said peptide is modified by attaching at least one fatty acid molecule at one or more amino acid residues at positions 4 to 29 of any one of any one of the above sequences.

In one embodiment it is provided a GIP peptide analogue or functional variant thereof, said peptide being an analogue of hGIP5-30 (hGIP5-30, SEQ ID NO:), and having a sequence selected from the group consisting of:

(SEQ ID NO:) TFISDYSIAMDKIHQQDFVNWLLAQKG, (SEQ ID NO:) TFISDYKIAMDKIHQQDFVNWLLAQKG, (SEQ ID NO:) TFISDYKIAMDKIHQQDFVNWLLAQKGK, (SEQ ID NO:) TFISDYKIAMDKIHQQDFVNWLLAQKGKK, (SEQ ID NO:) TFISDYKIAMDKIHQQDFVNWLLAQKGKKN, (SEQ ID NO:) TFISDYKIAMDKIHQQDFVNWLLAQKGKKND, (SEQ ID NO:) TFISDYKIAMDKIHQQDFVNWLLAQKGKKNDW, (SEQ ID NO:) TFISDYKIAMDHIHQQDFVNWLLAQRGKKNDW, (SEQ ID NO:) TFISDYKIAMDHIHQQDFVNWLLAQRGRRNDW, (SEQ ID NO:) TFISDYSIAMDHIKQQDFVNWLLAQRGKKNDW, (SEQ ID NO:) TFISDYKIAMDKIHQQDFVNWLLAQKGKKNDWK, (SEQ ID NO:) TFISDYKIAMDKIHQQDFVNWLLAQKGKKNDWKH, (SEQ ID NO:) TFISDYKIAMDKIHQQDFVNWLLAQKGKKNDWKHN, (SEQ ID NO:) TFISDYKIAMDKIHQQDFVNWLLAQKGKKNDWKHNI, (SEQ ID NO:) TFISDYKIAMDKIHQQDFVNWLLAQKGKKNDWKHNIT, and (SEQ ID NO:) TFISDYKIAMDKIHQQDFVNWLLAQKGKKNDWKHNITQ, wherein said peptide is modified by attaching at least one fatty acid molecule at one or more amino acid residues at positions 4 to 29 of any one of any one of the above sequences.

In one embodiment it is provided a GIP peptide analogue or functional variant thereof, said peptide being an analogue of hGIP6-30 (hGIP6-30, SEQ ID NO:), and having a sequence selected from the group consisting of:

(SEQ ID NO:) FISDYHIAMDKIKQQDFVNWLLAQKGKK, (SEQ ID NO:) FISDYSIAMDKIKQQDFVNWLLAQKGKKNDW, (SEQ ID NO:) FISDYSIAMDKIKQQDFVNWLLAQKGKKNDWKHN, (SEQ ID NO:) FISDYSIAMDKIKQQDFVNWLLAQKGKKNDWKHNITQ, and (SEQ ID NO:) FISDYSIAMDKIKQQDFVNWLLAQKGPSSGAPPPS, wherein said peptide is modified by attaching at least one fatty acid molecule at one or more amino acid residues at positions 4 to 29 of any one of any one of the above sequences.

Shorter GIP Peptides

It is an aspect to provide a glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) analogue having an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP10-30):

10  11  12  13  14  15  16  17  18  19  20  21  Y - S - I - A - M - D - K - I - H - Q - Q - D - 22  23 24  25  26  27  28  29  30  F - V  N - W - L - L - A - Q - K wherein said peptide optionally further comprises: the peptide D at the N-terminus (hGIP9-30, SEQ ID NO:), the dipeptide S-D at the N-terminus (hGIP8-30, SEQ ID NO:), the tripeptide I-S-D at the N-terminus (hGIP7-30, SEQ ID NO:), the tetrapeptide F-I-S-D at the N-terminus (hGIP6-30, SEQ ID NO:), or a functional variant thereof, wherein said variant has 1 to 4 individual amino acid substitutions at any amino acid residue of any one of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP10-30), (hGIP9-30, SEQ ID NO:), (hGIP8-30, SEQ ID NO:), (hGIP7-30, SEQ ID NO:), and (hGIP6-30, SEQ ID NO:), wherein said peptide is modified by attaching at least one fatty acid molecule at one or more amino acid residues at positions 10 to 29 of any one SEQ ID NO: (hGIP10-30), (hGIP9-30, SEQ ID NO:), (hGIP8-30, SEQ ID NO:), (hGIP7-30, SEQ ID NO:), and (hGIP6-30, SEQ ID NO:), or a functional variant thereof comprising between 1 and 4 individual amino acid substitutions, with or without a linker.

In one embodiment it is provided a GIP peptide analogue or functional variant thereof, wherein a fatty acid molecule is attached to the side chain amino group of the amino acid at position 18 of any one of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP10-30), (hGIP9-30, SEQ ID NO:), (hGIP8-30, SEQ ID NO:), (hGIP7-30, SEQ ID NO:), and (hGIP6-30, SEQ ID NO:), or a functional variant thereof.

In one embodiment it is provided a GIP peptide analogue or functional variant thereof, wherein a fatty acid molecule is attached to the epsilon-amino group of the K at position 18 of any one of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP10-30), (hGIP9-30, SEQ ID NO:), (hGIP8-30, SEQ ID NO:), (hGIP7-30, SEQ ID NO:), and (hGIP6-30, SEQ ID NO:), or a functional variant thereof.

In one embodiment it is provided a GIP peptide analogue or functional variant thereof, wherein said peptide comprises no more than one K amino acid residue, which K amino acid residue is modified by attaching a fatty acid molecule.

In one embodiment it is provided a GIP peptide analogue or functional variant thereof, said peptide being hGIP6-30 (hGIP6-30, SEQ ID NO:) or a fragment thereof, and having a sequence selected from the group consisting of:

(hGIP10-30, SEQ ID NO:) SIAMDKIKQQDFVNWLLAQK, (hGIP9-30, SEQ ID NO:) DYSIAMDKIKQQDFVNWLLAQK, (hGIP8-30, SEQ ID NO:) SDYSIAMDKIKQQDFVNWLLAQK, (hGIP7-30, SEQ ID NO:) ISDYSIAMDKIKQQDFVNWLLAQK, and (hGIP6-30, SEQ ID NO:) FISDYSIAMDKIKQQDFVNWLLAQK, wherein said peptide is modified by attaching at least one fatty acid molecule at one or more amino acid residues at positions 10 to 29 of any one of any one of the above sequences.

Functional Variants—Mutants

In one embodiment the functional variant of said peptide or GIP peptide analogue, has 1 individual amino acid substitution:

-   -   at any one of the amino acid residues at positions 4 to 15, 17         and 19 to 29 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, [E3X₁, K16R, H18X₂,         K30X₃]),     -   at any one of the amino acid residues at positions 4 to 15, 17         and 19 to 29 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP5-30, [K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]) and         SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, [K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]),     -   at any one of the amino acid residues at positions 3 to 30 of         SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30),     -   at any one of the amino acid residues at positions 5 to 30 of         SEQ ID NO: (hGIP5-30),     -   at any one of the amino acid residues at positions 6 to 30 of         SEQ ID NO: (hGIP6-30),     -   at any amino acid residue of any one of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP10-30),         (hGIP9-30, SEQ ID NO:), (hGIP8-30, SEQ ID NO:), (hGIP7-30, SEQ         ID NO:), and (hGIP6-30, SEQ ID NO:),     -   at any one of the amino acid residues at positions 4 to 17 and         19 to 29 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [H18X₂, K30X₃]),     -   at any one of the amino acid residues at any one of positions 3         to 30 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [D9E, D15E, H18X₂, D21E, N24Q]),         or     -   at any one of the amino acid residues at any one of positions 3         to 30 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [T5A, S11A, I12A, H18X₂, N24A]).

In one embodiment the functional variant of said peptide or GIP peptide analogue, has 2 individual amino acid substitutions:

-   -   at any one of the amino acid residues at positions 4 to 15, 17         and 19 to 29 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, [E3X₁, K16R, H18X₂,         K30X₃]),     -   at any one of the amino acid residues at positions 4 to 15, 17         and 19 to 29 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP5-30, [K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]) and         SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, [K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]),     -   at any one of the amino acid residues at positions 3 to 30 of         SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30),     -   at any one of the amino acid residues at positions 5 to 30 of         SEQ ID NO: (hGIP5-30),     -   at any one of the amino acid residues at positions 6 to 30 of         SEQ ID NO: (hGIP6-30),     -   at any amino acid residue of any one of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP10-30),         (hGIP9-30, SEQ ID NO:W), (hGIP8-30, SEQ ID NO:), (hGIP7-30, SEQ         ID NO:), and (hGIP6-30, SEQ ID NO:),     -   at any one of the amino acid residues at positions 4 to 17 and         19 to 29 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [H18X₂, K30X₃]),     -   at any one of the amino acid residues at any one of positions 3         to 30 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [D9E, D15E, H18X₂, D21E, N24Q]),         or     -   at any one of the amino acid residues at any one of positions 3         to 30 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [T5A, S11A, I12A, H18X₂, N24A]).

In one embodiment the functional variant of said peptide or GIP peptide analogue, has 3 individual amino acid substitutions:

-   -   at any one of the amino acid residues at positions 4 to 15, 17         and 19 to 29 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, [E3X₁, K16R, H18X₂,         K30X₃]),     -   at any one of the amino acid residues at positions 4 to 15, 17         and 19 to 29 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP5-30, [K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]) and         SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, [K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]),     -   at any one of the amino acid residues at positions 3 to 30 of         SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30),     -   at any one of the amino acid residues at positions 5 to 30 of         SEQ ID NO: (hGIP5-30),     -   at any one of the amino acid residues at positions 6 to 30 of         SEQ ID NO: (hGIP6-30),     -   at any amino acid residue of any one of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP10-30),         (hGIP9-30, SEQ ID NO:), (hGIP8-30, SEQ ID NO:), (hGIP7-30, SEQ         ID NO:), and (hGIP6-30, SEQ ID NO:),     -   at any one of the amino acid residues at positions 4 to 17 and         19 to 29 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [H18X₂, K30X₃]),     -   at any one of the amino acid residues at any one of positions 3         to 30 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [D9E, D15E, H18X₂, D21E, N24Q]),         or     -   at any one of the amino acid residues at any one of positions 3         to 30 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [T5A, S11A, I12A, H18X₂, N24A]).

In one embodiment the functional variant of said peptide or GIP peptide analogue, has 4 individual amino acid substitutions:

-   -   at any one of the amino acid residues at positions 4 to 15, 17         and 19 to 29 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, [E3X₁, K16R, H18X₂,         K30X₃]),     -   at any one of the amino acid residues at positions 4 to 15, 17         and 19 to 29 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP5-30, [K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]) and         SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, [K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]),     -   at any one of the amino acid residues at positions 3 to 30 of         SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30),     -   at any one of the amino acid residues at positions 5 to 30 of         SEQ ID NO: (hGIP5-30),     -   at any one of the amino acid residues at positions 6 to 30 of         SEQ ID NO: (hGIP6-30),     -   at any amino acid residue of any one of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP10-30),         (hGIP9-30, SEQ ID NO:), (hGIP8-30, SEQ ID NO:), (hGIP7-30, SEQ         ID NO:), and (hGIP6-30, SEQ ID NO:),     -   at any one of the amino acid residues at positions 4 to 17 and         19 to 29 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [H18X₂, K30X₃]),     -   at any one of the amino acid residues at any one of positions 3         to 30 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [D9E, D15E, H18X₂, D21E, N24Q]),         or     -   at any one of the amino acid residues at any one of positions 3         to 30 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [T5A, S11A, I12A, H18X₂, N24A]).

In one embodiment, one or more, or all, of said amino acid substitutions are conservative amino acid substitutions (or synonymous substitutions). A conservative substitution is the substitution of amino acids whose side chains have similar biochemical properties and thus do not affect the function of the peptide.

Among the common amino acids, for example, a “conservative amino acid substitution” can also be illustrated by a substitution among amino acids within each of the following groups: (1) glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, and isoleucine, (2) phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan, (3) serine and threonine, (4) aspartate and glutamate, (5) glutamine and asparagine, and (6) lysine, arginine and histidine.

In one embodiment, a serine residue of a peptide of the invention is substituted with an amino acid selected from the group consisting of Gln, Asn and Thr (all amino acids with polar uncharged side chains); and independently thereof, a glycine residue (Gly) is substituted with an amino acid selected from the group consisting of Ala, Val, Leu, and Ile; and independently thereof, an arginine residue (Arg) is substituted with an amino acid selected from the group consisting of Lys and His (all have positively charged side chains); and independently thereof, a lysine residue (Lys) is substituted with an amino acid selected from the group consisting of Arg and His; and independently thereof, a methionine residue (Met) is substituted with an amino acid selected from the group consisting of Leu, Pro, Ile, Val, Phe, Tyr and Trp (all have hydrophobic side chains); and independently thereof, a glutamine residue (Gin) is substituted with an amino acid selected from the group consisting of Asp, Glu, and Asn; and independently thereof, an alanine residue (Ala) is substituted with an amino acid selected from the group consisting of Gly, Val, Leu, and Ile.

Particular amino acid substitutions as disclosed herein are K to R; E to D; L to M; Q to E; I to V; I to L; A to S; Y to W; K to Q; S to T; N to S; M to L; H to K; N, I, S, G to A; N, 1, S to T; D to E; N to Q; and Q to R.

In another embodiment, a functional variant as defined herein includes sequences wherein an alkyl amino acid is substituted for an alkyl amino acid, wherein an aromatic amino acid is substituted for an aromatic amino acid, wherein a sulfur-containing amino acid is substituted for a sulfur-containing amino acid, wherein a hydroxy-containing amino acid is substituted for a hydroxy-containing amino acid, wherein an acidic amino acid is substituted for an acidic amino acid, wherein a basic amino acid is substituted for a basic amino acid, and/or wherein a dibasic monocarboxylic amino acid is substituted for a dibasic monocarboxylic amino acid.

Conservative substitutions may be introduced in any one or more of the above specified positions of a peptide selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, [E3X₁, K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP5-30, [K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, [K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP10-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP9-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP8-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP7-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP5-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP6-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [H18X₂, K30X₃]), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [D9E, D15E, H18X₂, D21E, N24Q]), and SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [T5A, S11A, I12A, H18X₂, N24A]) as long as the resulting variant remains functional. It may however also be desirable to introduce non-conservative substitutions in one or more positions (non-synonymous substitutions).

A non-conservative substitution leading to the formation of a variant of a peptide selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, [E3X₁, K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP5-30, [K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, [K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP10-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP9-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP8-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP7-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP6-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP5-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [H18X₂, K30X₃]), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [D9E, D15E, H18X₂, D21E, N24Q]), and SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [T5A, S11A, I12A, H18X₂, N24A]) in one embodiment comprises substitution of amino acid residues that i) differ substantially in polarity, for example a residue with a non-polar side chain (Ala, Leu, Pro, Trp, Val, Ile, Leu, Phe or Met) substituted for a residue with a polar side chain such as Gly, Ser, Thr, Cys, Tyr, Asn, or Gln or a charged amino acid such as Asp, Glu, Arg, or Lys, or substituting a charged or a polar residue for a non-polar one; and/or ii) differ substantially in its effect on peptide backbone orientation such as substitution of or for Pro or Gly by another residue; and/or iii) differ substantially in electric charge, for example substitution of a negatively charged residue such as Glu or Asp for a positively charged residue such as Lys, His or Arg (and vice versa); and/or iv) differ substantially in steric bulk, for example substitution of a bulky residue such as His, Trp, Phe or Tyr for one having a minor side chain, e.g. Ala, Gly or Ser (and vice versa).

Substitution of amino acids can in one embodiment be made based upon their hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity values and the relative similarity of the amino acid side-chain substituents, including charge, size, and the like.

The peptides or their functional variant counterparts as defined herein comprise proteinogenic or natural amino acids, i.e. the 22 amino acids naturally incorporated into polypeptides. Of these, 20 are encoded by the universal genetic code and the remaining 2; selenocysteine (Sec, U) and pyrrolysine (Pyl, O), are incorporated into proteins by unique synthetic mechanisms.

A peptide as defined herein in one embodiment comprises one or more non-naturally occurring amino acid residues (unnatural, non-proteinogenic or non-standard amino acids). Non-naturally occurring amino acids include e.g., without limitation, beta-2-naphthyl-alanine, trans-3-methylproline, 2,4-methanoproline, cis-4-hydroxyproline, ornithine (Orn), trans-4-hydroxyproline, N-methylglycine, allo-threonine, methylthreonine, hydroxyethylcysteine, hydroxyethylhomocysteine, nitroglutamine, homoglutamine, pipecolic acid, thiazolidine carboxylic acid, dehydroproline, 3- and 4-methylproline, 3,3-dimethylproline, tert-leucine, norleucine (Nle), methoxinine (Mox), norvaline, 2-azaphenylalanine, 3-azaphenylalanine, 4-azaphenylalanine, and 4-fluorophenylalanine.

In one embodiment the amino acid Met is substituted with an oxidation resistant amino acid analogue, for example, norleucine (Nle) which preserves the length of the amino acid side chain important for hydrophobic interactions but not its hydrogen-bonding properties; or methoxinine (Mox), a non-canonical amino acid that resembles more closely the electronic properties of Met in comparison to Nle.

Any amino acids as defined herein may be in the L- or D-configuration. If nothing is specified, reference to the L-isomeric form is preferably meant.

The standard and/or non-standard amino acids may be linked by peptide bonds (to form a linear peptide chain), or by non-peptide bonds (e.g. via the variable side-chains of the amino acids). Preferably, the amino acids of the peptides defined herein are linked by peptide bonds.

The term peptide also embraces post-translational modifications introduced by chemical or enzyme-catalyzed reactions, as are known in the art. These include acetylation, phosphorylation, methylation, glucosylation, glycation, amidation, hydroxylation, deimination, deamidation, carbamylation and sulfation of one or more amino acid residues, and also proteolytic modification by known proteinases including lysosomal kathepsins, and also calpains, secretases and matrix-metalloproteinases.

In a preferred embodiment a peptide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, [E3X₁, K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP5-30, [K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, [K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP10-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP9-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP8-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP7-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP5-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP6-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [H18X₂, K30X₃]), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [D9E, D15E, H18X₂, D21E, N24Q]), and SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [T5A, S11A, I12A, H18X₂, N24A]) or a functional variant thereof is amidated, such as C-terminally amidated (—NH₂). In one exemplary embodiment thereof, the peptide is hGIP(5-30)—NH₂ or hGIP(3-30)—NH₂, or variants thereof, which comprises also a fatty acid molecule.

Also, functional equivalents of the peptides may comprise chemical modifications such as ubiquitination, labeling (e.g., with radionuclides, various enzymes, etc.), pegylation (derivatization with polyethylene glycol), or by insertion (or substitution by chemical synthesis) of amino acids such as ornithine, which do not normally occur in human proteins (non-proteinogenic).

Sterically similar compounds may be formulated to mimic the key portions of the peptide structure. This may be achieved by techniques of modelling and chemical designing known to those of skill in the art. For example, esterification and other alkylations may be employed to modify the amino terminus of e.g. a di-arginine peptide backbone, to mimic a tetra peptide structure. It will be understood that all such sterically similar constructs fall within the scope of the present invention. Peptides with N-terminal and C-terminal alkylations and esterifications are also encompassed within the present invention.

Attachment of Fatty Acid Molecules

In one embodiment a fatty acid molecule is attached to one or more amino acid residues having a side-chain amino-alkyl group (—C_(n)H_(2n)NH₂).

In one embodiment a fatty acid molecule is attached to one or more amino acid residues having a side-chain amino group (NH₂).

In one embodiment a fatty acid molecule is attached to the side-chain amino group of an amino acid residue.

In one embodiment a fatty acid molecule is attached to the ε (epsilon) side-chain amino group of a lysine residue (Lys, K).

In one embodiment a fatty acid molecule is attached to the δ (delta) side-chain amino group of an ornithine residue (Orn).

In one embodiment the amino acid residue having a fatty acid molecule attached is selected from the group consisting of Lys and Orn.

In one embodiment the amino acid residue having a fatty acid molecule attached is Lys.

In one embodiment the fatty acid molecule is attached to the delta-amino group of a Orn residue of a functional variant of any one of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, [E3X₁, K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP5-30, [K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, [K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP10-30), SEQ ID NO:W(hGIP9-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP8-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP7-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP6-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP5-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [H18X₂, K30X₃]), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [D9E, D15E, H18X₂, D21E, N24Q]), and SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [T5A, S11A, I12A, H18X₂, N24A]) comprising an Orn amino acid residue.

In one embodiment the fatty acid molecule is attached to the epsilon-amino group of a K residue of any one of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, [E3X₁, K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP5-30, [K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, [K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP6-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP5-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP10-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP9-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP8-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP7-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [H18X₂, K30X₃]), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [D9E, D15E, H18X₂, D21E, N24Q]), and SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [T5A, S11A, I12A, H18X₂, N24A]), or a functional variant thereof.

In one embodiment the amino acid residue having a fatty acid molecule attached is the most N-terminal amino acid residue, such as the most N-terminal amino acid residue of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, [E3X₁, K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP5-30, [K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, [K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP6-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP5-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP10-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP9-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP8-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP7-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [H18X₂, K30X₃]), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [D9E, D15E, H18X₂, D21E, N24Q]), and SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [T5A, S11A, I12A, H18X₂, N24A]), or a variant thereof.

In one embodiment said fatty acid molecule is attached to the alpha-amino group of an N-terminal amino acid residue.

In one embodiment a fatty acid molecule is attached to the amino acid residue at position 11 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP6-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP5-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30) or a functional variant thereof, wherein S at position 11 has been substituted with K (or Orn) in any one of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP6-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP5-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30).

In one embodiment a fatty acid molecule is attached to the epsilon-amino group of K at position 11 of any one of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP6-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP5-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30) or a functional variant thereof, wherein S at position 11 has been substituted with K (or Orn) in any one of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP6-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP5-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30).

In one embodiment a fatty acid molecule is attached to the amino acid residue at position 18 of any one of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, [E3X₁, K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP5-30, [K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, [K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP10-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP9-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP8-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP7-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP6-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP5-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [H18X₂, K30X₃]), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [D9E, D15E, H18X₂, D21E, N24Q]), and SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [T5A, S11A, I12A, H18X₂, N24A]), or a variant thereof, wherein said residue at position 18 is a Lysine.

In one embodiment a fatty acid molecule is attached to the epsilon-amino group of K at position 18 of any one of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, [E3X₁, K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP5-30, [K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, [K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP10-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP9-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP8-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP7-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP6-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP5-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [H18X₂, K30X₃]), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [D9E, D15E, H18X₂, D21E, N24Q]), and SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [T5A, S11A, I12A, H18X₂, N24A]), wherein said residue at position 18 is a Lysine.

In one embodiment the fatty acid molecule according to the present disclosure is a straight-chain fatty acid.

In one embodiment the fatty acid molecule according to the present disclosure is a branched fatty acid.

In one embodiment the fatty acid molecule according to the present disclosure is a monoacyl fatty acid molecule, comprising one fatty acid.

For example, a GIP peptide may be conjugated to a monoacyl fatty acid (such as Hexadecanoyl) via a linker, as depicted in Formula I:

In one embodiment the fatty acid molecule according to the present disclosure is a diacyl fatty acid molecule.

For example, a GIP peptide may be conjugated to a diacyl fatty acid, also referred to as “diacid”, (such as 15-carboxy-pentadecanoyl) via a linker, as depicted in Formula II:

In one embodiment the fatty acid molecule according to the present disclosure is a diacyl fatty acid molecule comprising two fatty acids.

In one embodiment the fatty acid molecule according to the present disclosure is a diacyl fatty acid molecule containing two carboxyl functional groups.

In one embodiment the fatty acid molecule according to the present disclosure comprises an acyl group of the formula CH₃(CH₂)_(n)CO—, wherein n is an integer from 4 to 24.

In one embodiment said fatty acid molecule comprises an acyl group selected from the group consisting of CH₃(CH₂)₆CO—, CH₃(CH₂)₈CO—, CH₃(CH₂)₁₀CO—, CH₃(CH₂)₁₂CO—, CH₃(CH₂)₁₄CO—, CH₃(CH₂)₁₆CO—, CH₃(CH₂)₁₈CO—, CH₃(CH₂)₂₀CO— and CH₃(CH₂)₂₂CO—.

In one embodiment said fatty acid molecule is a (mono)acyl fatty acid selected from the group consisting of CH₃(CH₂)₁₀CO— (lauryl, C12), CH₃(CH₂)₁₂CO— (myristoyl, C14), CH₃(CH₂)_(14C)O— (palmitoyl, C16), CH₃(CH₂)₁₆CO— (stearyl, C18), CH₃(CH₂)₁₈CO— (arachidyl, C20) and CH₃(CH₂)₂₀CO— (behenyl, C22).

In one embodiment said fatty acid molecule is a (di)acyl fatty acid selected from the group consisting of HOOC—CH₃(CH₂)₁₀CO— (dodecanoyl, C12), HOOC—CH₃(CH₂)₁₂CO— (1-tetradecanoyl, C14), HOOC—CH₃(CH₂)₁₄CO— (hexadecanoyl, C16), HOOC—CH₃(CH₂)₁₅CO— (15-carboxy-pentadecanoyl, C17), HOOC—CH₃(CH₂)₁₆CO— (octadecanoyl, C18), HOOC—CH₃(CH₂)₁₇CO— (17-carboxy-heptadecanoyl, C19), HOOC—CH₃(CH₂)₁₈CO— (eicosanoyl, C20), HOOC—CH₃(CH₂)₁₉CO— (19-carboxy-nonadecanoyl, C21) and HOOC—CH₃(CH₂)₂₀CO— (behenyl, C22).

In one embodiment said fatty acid molecule comprises two fatty acids each selected from the group consisting of CH₃(CH₂)₁₀CO— (lauryl, C12), CH₃(CH₂)₁₂CO— (myristoyl, C14), CH₃(CH₂)_(14C)O— (palmitoyl, C16), CH₃(CH₂)₁₆CO— (stearyl, C18), CH₃(CH₂)₁₈CO— (arachidyl, C20) and CH₃(CH₂)₂₀CO— (behenyl, C22).

In one embodiment said fatty acid molecule comprises an acyl group of the formula COOH(CH₂)_(n)CO— (dicarboxylic acid), wherein n is an integer from 4 to 24.

In one embodiment said fatty acid molecule comprises an acyl group selected from the group consisting of COOH(CH₂)₁₄CO— (016 diacid), COOH(CH₂)₁₆CO— (C18 diacid), COOH(CH₂)₁₈CO— (C20 diacid) and COOH(CH₂)₂₀CO— (C22 diacid).

In one embodiment said fatty acid molecule is selected from C12, C14, C16, C18, C20 and C22.

In one embodiment said fatty acid molecule is selected from C14 diacid, C16 diacid, C18 diacid, C20 diacid and C22.

In one embodiment said fatty acid molecule is palmitoyl.

In one embodiment said fatty acid molecule is 1,16-Hexadecanedioic acid/hexadecanedioic acid.

In one embodiment said fatty acid molecule is stearyl.

In one embodiment said fatty acid molecule is 1,18-Octadecanedioic acid/octadecanedioic acid.

In one embodiment said fatty acid molecule is arachidyl.

In one embodiment said fatty acid molecule is 1,20-Eicosanoic acid/eicosanoic acid.

In one embodiment said fatty acid molecule is behenyl.

In one embodiment said fatty acid molecule is 1,22-Docosanoic acid/docosanoic acid.

In one embodiment said fatty acid molecule comprises or consists of COOH(CH₂)₁₄CO—. In one embodiment said fatty acid molecule comprises or consists of COOH(CH₂)₁₆CO—. In one embodiment said fatty acid molecule comprises or consists of COOH(CH₂)₁₈CO—.

A fatty acid molecule may be attached to an amino acid residue in such a way that a carboxyl group of the fatty acid molecule forms an amide bond with an amino group of the amino acid residue.

Attachment of Fatty Acid Molecules Via a Linker

Attachment of fatty acid molecules to a peptide herein can occur either directly in indirectly, i.e. via a linker or spacer.

In one embodiment the fatty acid molecule according to the present disclosure is attached to an amino acid residue directly.

In one embodiment the fatty acid molecule according to the present disclosure is directly attached to the alpha-amino group of an amino acid residue, wherein said amino acid residue is the N-terminal amino acid residue.

In one embodiment the fatty acid molecule according to the present disclosure is directly attached to the epsilon-amino group of a Lys residue.

In one embodiment the fatty acid molecule according to the present disclosure is directly attached to the delta-amino group of an Orn residue.

In one embodiment the fatty acid molecule according to the present disclosure is attached to an amino acid residue via a linker or spacer, as depicted in Formula III:

In one embodiment the fatty acid molecule according to the present disclosure is attached to the alpha-amino group of an amino acid residue via a linker or spacer, wherein said amino acid residue is the N-terminal amino acid residue.

In one embodiment the fatty acid molecule according to the present disclosure is attached to the epsilon-amino group of a Lys residue via linker or spacer.

In one embodiment the fatty acid molecule according to the present disclosure is attached to the delta-amino group of an Orn residue via linker or spacer.

In one embodiment the fatty acid molecule may be attached to an amino acid residue by means of a spacer (or linker) in such a way that a carboxyl group of the linker forms an amide bond with an amino group of the fatty acid molecule.

In one embodiment the linker is an α,ω-amino acid. Examples of suitable linkers are succinic acid, Lys, Glu or Asp, or a dipeptide such as Gly-Lys. When the linker is succinic acid, one carboxyl group thereof may form an amide bond with an amino group of the amino acid residue, and the other carboxyl group thereof may form an amide bond with an amino group of the fatty acid molecule. When the linker is Lys, Glu or Asp, the carboxyl group thereof may form an amide bond with an amino group of the amino acid residue, and the amino group thereof may form an amide bond with a carboxyl group of the fatty acid molecule. When Lys is used as the linker, a further linker may in some instances be inserted between the ε-amino group of Lys and the fatty acid molecule. In one embodiment such a further linker is succinic acid which forms an amide bond with the ε-amino group of Lys and with an amino group present in the fatty acid molecule. Other linkers are Nε-(γ-L-glutamyl), Nε-(β-L-asparagyl), Nε-glycyl, and Nε-(α-(γ-aminobutanoyl)).

In one embodiment the linker is a hydrophilic linker. In one embodiment the linker is a non-natural amino acid hydrophilic linker.

In one embodiment the linker is selected from the group consisting of γ-aminobutanoyl (γ-aminobutyric acid), γ-glutamyl (γ-glutamic acid), β-asparagyl, β-alanyl and glycyl. In one embodiment the linker comprises one or more of γ-aminobutanoyl (γ-aminobutyric acid), γ-glutamyl (γ-glutamic acid), β-asparagyl, β-alanyl and glycyl.

In one embodiment the linker is a repeat of individual linker moieties. In one embodiment the linker is a repeat of identical linker moieties. In one embodiment the linker is a repeat of different linker moieties.

The examples of linkers disclosed herein are such that they can be attached to an amino acid residue of the GIP peptide analogue via any one of the extremities of the linker. Thus, if for example the linker comprises one or more repeats of γ-glutamic acid-8-amino-3,6-dioxaoctanoic acid (γ-Glu)-(AEEAc_(n)), said linker can be attached to an amino acid residue of the GIP peptide analogue either via a γ-Glu or via a AEEAc_(n).

In one embodiment the linker is γ-glutamic acid.

In one embodiment the linker is γ-glutamic acid-8-amino-3,6-dioxaoctanoic acid (γ-Glu)-(AEEAc), or a repeat thereof.

In one embodiment the linker comprises one or more repeats of γ-glutamic acid-8-amino-3,6-dioxaoctanoic acid (γ-Glu)-(AEEAc_(n)).

In one embodiment the linker is [γ-glutamic acid]-[8-amino-3,6-dioxaoctanoic acid]_(n) (γ-Glu)-(AEEAc_(n)), wherein n is an integer between 1 and 50.

In one embodiment the linker is [γ-glutamic acid]-[8-amino-3,6-dioxaoctanoic acid]_(n) (γ-Glu)-(AEEAc_(n)), wherein n is an integer between 1 and 50, such as an integer between 1-2, 2-3, 3-4, 4-5, 5-6, 6-7, 7-8, 8-9, 9-10, 10-11, 11-12, 12-13, 13-14, 14-15, 15-20, 20-25, 25-30, 30-35, 35-40, 40-45, 45-50.

In one embodiment the linker is [γ-glutamic acid]-[8-amino-3,6-dioxaoctanoic acid]_(n) (γ-Glu)-(AEEAc_(n)), wherein n is an integer selected from the group consisting of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49 and 50.

In one embodiment the linker is [8-amino-3,6-dioxaoctanoic acid]_(n) (AEEAc_(n)), wherein n is an integer between 1 and 50, such as an integer between 1-2, 2-3, 3-4, 4-5, 5-6, 6-7, 7-8, 8-9, 9-10, 10-11, 11-12, 12-13, 13-14, 14-15, 15-20, 20-25, 25-30, 30-35, 35-40, 40-45, 45-50.

In one embodiment the linker is [8-amino-3,6-dioxaoctanoic acid]_(n) (AEEAc_(n)), wherein n is an integer selected from the group consisting of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49 and 50.

In one embodiment the linker is [8-amino-3,6-dioxaoctanoic acid]_(n) AEEAc_(n)), wherein n is an integer selected from the group consisting of 1, 2, 3.

In one embodiment the linker is [γ-glutamic acid]-[8-amino-3,6-dioxaoctanoic acid]_(n) (γ-Glu)-AEEAc_(n)), wherein n is an integer selected from the group consisting of 1, 2, 3.

In one embodiment the linker is [γ-glutamic acid]-[8-amino-3,6-dioxaoctanoic acid] (γ-Glu)-AEEAc or [8-amino-3,6-dioxaoctanoic acid]-[γ-glutamic acid] (AEEAc-γ-Glu). For example, a GIP peptide may be conjugated to a fatty acid (for example C16 or palmitic acid/palmitoyl in Formula IV, but any other fatty acid may be used) via [γ-glutamic acid]-[8-amino-3,6-dioxaoctanoic acid] as depicted in Formula IV:

For example, a GIP peptide may be conjugated to a fatty acid (for example C16 or palmitic acid/palmitoyl in Formula IV, but any other fatty acid may be used) via [8-amino-3,6-dioxaoctanoic acid]-[γ-glutamic acid] as depicted in Formula V:

In one embodiment the linker is [γ-glutamic acid]-[8-amino-3,6-dioxaoctanoic acid]2 (γ-Glu)-(AEEAc)₂. For example, the linker may comprise or consist of yGlu-AEEAc-AEEAc- or AEEAc-yGlu-AEEAc- or AEEAc-AEEAc-yGlu-.

In one embodiment the linker is [γ-glutamic acid]-[8-amino-3,6-dioxaoctanoic acid]3 (γ-Glu)-(AEEAc)₃. For example, the linker may comprise or consist of yGlu-AEEAc-AEEAc-AEEAc- or AEEAc-yGlu-AEEAc-AEEAc- or AEEAc-AEEAc-yGlu-AEEAc- or AEEAc-AEEAc-AEEAc-yGlu-.

In one embodiment the linker is an amino acid residue except Cys. In one embodiment the linker is 4-Abu. In one embodiment the linker is y-aminobuturic acid.

In another embodiment the linker is a dipeptide, such as a dipeptide wherein the C-terminal amino acid residue is Lys, His or Trp, preferably Lys, and wherein the N-terminal amino acid residue is selected from the group comprising Ala, Arg, Asp, Asn, Gly, Glu, Gln, Ile, Leu, Val, Phe and Pro. In one embodiment the dipeptide linker is Gly-Lys.

In one embodiment the linker comprises one or more moieties selected from the group consisting of γ-aminobutanoyl (γ-aminobutyric acid), γ-glutamyl (γ-glutamic acid), β-asparagyl, β-alanyl and glycyl. In one embodiment the linker comprises one or more of γ-aminobutanoyl (γ-aminobutyric acid), γ-glutamyl (γ-glutamic acid), β-asparagyl, β-alanyl, glycyl, γ-glutamic acid-8-amino-3,6-dioxaoctanoic acid (γ-Glu-AEEAc_(n), wherein n is an integer between 1 and 50), an amino acid residue except Cys, 4-Abu, γ-aminobuturic acid and a dipeptide.

In another embodiment linker is an unbranched alkane α,ω-dicarboxylic acid group having from 1 to 7 methylene groups, preferably two methylene groups, which linker forms a bridge between an amino group of the parent peptide and an amino group of the fatty acid molecule.

In one embodiment the GIP peptide analogue disclosed herein comprises a fatty acid, and the fatty acid molecule is attached to an amino acid residue via a linker so that the combination of linker and fatty acid is selected from the group consisting of:

-   -   i. Hexadecanoyl-γ-Glu-     -   ii. Hexadecanoyl-γ-Glu-γ-Glu-     -   iii. Hexadecanoyl-γ-Glu-AEEAc-     -   iv. Hexadecanoyl-γ-Glu-AEEAc-AEEAc-     -   v. Hexadecanoyl-γ-Glu-AEEAc-AEEAc-AEEAc-     -   vi. [15-carboxy-pentadecanoyl]-γ-Glu-     -   vii. [15-carboxy-pentadecanoyl]-γ-Glu-γ-Glu-     -   viii. [15-carboxy-pentadecanoyl]-γ-Glu-AEEAc-     -   ix. [15-carboxy-pentadecanoyl]-γ-Glu-AEEAc-AEEAc-     -   x. [15-carboxy-pentadecanoyl]-γ-Glu-AEEAc-AEEAc-AEEAc-     -   xi. Octadecanoyl-γ-Glu-     -   xii. Octadecanoyl-γ-Glu-γ-Glu-     -   xiii. Octadecanoyl-γ-Glu-AEEAc-     -   xiv. Octadecanoyl-γ-Glu-AEEAc-AEEAc-     -   xv. Octadecanoyl-γ-Glu-AEEAc-AEEAc-AEEAc-     -   xvi. [17-carboxy-heptadecanoyl]-γ-Glu-     -   xvii. [17-carboxy-heptadecanoyl]-γ-Glu-γ-Glu-     -   xviii. [17-carboxy-heptadecanoyl]-γ-Glu-AEEAc-     -   xix. [17-carboxy-heptadecanoyl]-γ-Glu-AEEAc-AEEAc-     -   xx. [17-carboxy-heptadecanoyl]-γ-Glu-AEEAc-AEEAc-AEEAc-     -   xxi. Eicosanoyl-γ-Glu-     -   xxii. Eicosanoyl-γ-Glu-γ-Glu-     -   xxiii. Eicosanoyl-γ-Glu-AEEAc-     -   xxiv. Eicosanoyl-γ-Glu-AEEAc-AEEAc-     -   xxv. Eicosanoyl-γ-Glu-AEEAc-AEEAc-AEEAc-     -   xxvi. [19-carboxy-nonadecanoyl]-γ-Glu-     -   xxvii. [19-carboxy-nonadecanoyl]-γ-Glu-γ-Glu-     -   xxviii. [19-carboxy-nonadecanoyl]-γ-Glu-AEEAc-     -   xxix. [19-carboxy-nonadecanoyl]-γ-Glu-AEEAc-AEEAc-     -   xxx. [19-carboxy-nonadecanoyl]-γ-Glu-AEEAc-AEEAc-AEEAc-

In one embodiment the GIP peptide analogue disclosed herein comprises a fatty acid, and the fatty acid molecule is attached to an amino acid residue via a linker so that the combination of linker and fatty acid is selected from the group consisting of:

-   -   i. [15-Carboxy pentadecanoyl-yGlu     -   ii. [17-carboxy-heptadecanoyl]-γ-Glu-AEEAc-AEEAc-, and     -   iii. [17-carboxy-heptadecanoyl]-yGlu-yGlu.         GIP Peptides with Fatty Acid

In one embodiment the GIP analogue as defined herein is selected from the group consisting of:

PGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-NH₂-C16-diacid/K18, PGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-C16-diacid/K18, GGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-C16-diacid/K18, GGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-NH₂-C16-diacid/K18, SGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-C16-diacid /K18, SGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-NH₂-C16-diacid /K18, SGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-C18-diacid /K18, pyroEGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-C16-diacid /K18,  and pyroEGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-C18-diacid /K18, or a functional variant thereof, wherein said fatty acid is attached directly or via a linker/spacer as defined herein.

It follows that C16 is the fatty acid CH₃(CH₂)₁₄CO— (palmitoyl) and C18 is the fatty acid CH₃(CH₂)₁₆CO— (stearyl). The suffix “-diacid” means that the fatty acid molecule is a diacyl fatty acid molecule. No such suffix refers to a monoacyl fatty acid molecule.

In one embodiment the GIP analogue as defined herein is selected from the group consisting of:

PGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-NH₂-C20-diacid/K18, PGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-C20-diacid/K18, GGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-C20-diacid/K18, GGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-NH₂-C20-diacid/K18, SGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-C20-diacid/K18, SGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-NH₂-C20-diacid /K18, pyroEGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-C20-diacid /K18,  and pyroEGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-C20-diacid /K18, or a functional variant thereof, wherein said fatty acid is attached directly or via a linker/spacer as defined herein.

It follows that C20 is the fatty acid CH₃(CH₂)₁₈CO— (arachidyl). The suffix “-diacid” means that the fatty acid molecule is a diacyl fatty acid molecule. No such suffix refers to a monoacyl fatty acid molecule.

In one embodiment the GIP analogue as defined herein is selected from the group consisting of:

PGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-NH₂-C22-diacid/K18, PGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-C22-diacid/K18, GGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-C22-diacid/K18, GGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-NH₂-C22-diacid/K18, SGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-C22-diacid /K18, SGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-NH₂-C22-diacid /K18, pyroEGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-C22-diacid /K18,  and pyroEGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-C22-diacid /K18, or a functional variant thereof, wherein said fatty acid is attached directly or via a linker/spacer as defined herein.

It follows that C22 is the fatty acid CH₃(CH₂)₂₀CO— (behenyl). The suffix “-diacid” means that the fatty acid molecule is a diacyl fatty acid molecule. No such suffix refers to a monoacyl fatty acid molecule.

In one embodiment said peptide is C-terminally amidated (—NH₂).

In one embodiment the GIP analogue as defined herein is selected from the group consisting of:

PGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-NH₂-C16-diacid/K18, PGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-(γ-Glu)-C16-diacid/K18, PGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-NH₂-(γ-Glu)-C16-diacid/K18, PGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-(AEEAc +γ-Glu)-C16-diacid/K18, PGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-NH₂-( AEEAc +γ-Glu)-C16-diacid/K18, PGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-(2x AEEAc +γ-Glu)-C16-diacid/K18, PGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-NH₂-(2x AEEAc +γ-Glu)-C16-diacid /K18 GGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-(γ-Glu)-016-diacid/K18, GGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-NH₂-(γ-Glu)-C16-diacid, /K18 GGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-( AEEAc -γ-Glu)-C16-diacid /K18, GGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-NH₂-( AEEAc -γ-Glu)-C16-diacid /K18, GGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-(2 AEEAc -γ-Glu-)C16-diacid /K18, GGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-NH₂-(2x AEEAc -γ-Glu-)C16-diacid /K18, SGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-(γ-Glu)-C16-diacid /K18, SGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-NH₂-(γ-Glu)-C16-diacid /K18, SGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-( AEEAc -γ-Glu)-C16-diacid /K18, SGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-NH₂-( AEEAc -γ-Glu)-C16-diacid /K18, SGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-(2x AEEAc -γ-Glu)-C16-diacid /K18, SGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-NH₂-(2x AEEAc G-γ-Glu)-C16-diacid /K18, SGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-(2x AEEAc -γ-Glu)-C18-diacid /K18, SGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-( AEEAc -γ-Glu)-C16-diacid /K18, SGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-(3x AEEAc -γ-Glu)-C18-diacid /K18, pyroEGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-(2x AEEAc -γ-Glu)-C16-diacid/K18, pyroEGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-(2x AEEAc -γ-Glu)-C18-diacid/K18, pyroEGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-(3x AEEAc -γ-Glu)-C16-diacid/K18, and pyroEGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-(3x AEEAc -γ-Glu)-C18-diacid/K18, or a functional variant thereof.

In one embodiment said peptide is C-terminally amidated (—NH₂).

In one embodiment the GIP analogue as defined herein is selected from the group consisting of:

TFISDYSIALDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-(γ-Glu)-C16-diacid/K18, TFISDYSIALDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-(AEEAc +γ-Glu)-C16-diacid/K18, EGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-(AEEAc +γ-Glu)-C16-diacid/K18, EGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-(AEEAc +γ-Glu)-C18-diacid/K18, EGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-(2xAEEAc +γ-Glu)-C16-diacid/K18, EGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-(2xAEEAc +γ-Glu)-C18-diacid/K18, EGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-(3xAEEAc +γ-Glu)-C16-diacid/K18, and EGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-(3xAEEAc +γ-Glu)-C18-diacid/K18, or a functional variant thereof.

In one embodiment the GIP analogue as defined herein is selected from the group consisting of:

EGTFISDYSIAMDKIKQQDFVNWLLAQKG-C16-diacid/K18, EGTFISDYSIAMDKIKQQDFVNWLLAQKGK-C16-diacid/K18, EGTFISDYSIAMDKIKQQDFVNWLLAQKGKK-C16-diacid/K18, EGTFISDYSIAMDKIKQQDFVNWLLAQKGKKN-C16-diacid/K18, EGTFISDYSIAMDKIKQQDFVNWLLAQKGKKND-C16-diacid/K18, EGTFISDYSIAMDKIKQQDFVNWLLAQKGKKNDW-C16-diacid/K18, EGTFISDYSIAMDKIKQQDFVNWLLAQKGKKNDWK-C16-diacid/K18, EGTFISDYSIAMDKIKQQDFVNWLLAQKGKKNDWKH-C16-diacid/K18, EGTFISDYSIAMDKIKQQDFVNWLLAQKGKKNDWKHN-C16-diacid/K18, EGTFISDYSIAMDKIKQQDFVNWLLAQKGKKNDWKHNI-C16-diacid/K18, EGTFISDYSIAMDKIKQQDFVNWLLAQKGKKNDWKHNIT-C16-diacid/K18, EGTFISDYSIAMDKIKQQDFVNWLLAQKGKKNDWKHNITQ-C16-diacid/K18, EGTFISDYSIAMDKIKQQDFVNWLLAQKG-C16-diacid/K18, EGTFISDYSIAMDKIKQQDFVNWLLAQKGP-C16-diacid/K18, EGTFISDYSIAMDKIKQQDFVNWLLAQKGPS-C16-diacid/K18, EGTFISDYSIAMDKIKQQDFVNWLLAQKGPSS-C16-diacid/K18, EGTFISDYSIAMDKIKQQDFVNWLLAQKGPSSG-C16-diacid/K18, EGTFISDYSIAMDKIKQQDFVNWLLAQKGPSSGA-C16-diacid/K18, EGTFISDYSIAMDKIKQQDFVNWLLAQKGPSSGAP-C16-diacid/K18, EGTFISDYSIAMDKIKQQDFVNWLLAQKGPSSGAPP-C16-diacid/K18, EGTFISDYSIAMDKIKQQDFVNWLLAQKGPSSGAPPP-C16-diacid/K18, EGTFISDYSIAMDKIKQQDFVNWLLAQKGPSSGAPPPS-C16-diacid/K18, FISDYHIAMDKIKQQDFVNWLLAQKGKK-C16-diacid/K18, FISDYSIAMDKIKQQDFVNWLLAQKGKKNDW-C16-diacid/K18, FISDYSIAMDKIKQQDFVNWLLAQKGKKNDWKHN-C16-diacid/K18, FISDYSIAMDKIKQQDFVNWLLAQKGKKNDWKHNITQ-C16-diacid/K18, FISDYSIAMDKIKQQDFVNWLLAQKGPSSGAPPPS-C16-diacid/K18, and EGTFISEYSIAMEKIKQQEFVQWLLAQK(NH₂)-2xPEG+yGlu-C18-diacid/K18 or a functional variant thereof wherein said fatty acid is attached directly or via a linker/spacer as defined herein.

In one embodiment said peptide is C-terminally amidated (—NH₂).

In one embodiment the GIP analogue as defined herein is selected from the group consisting of:

EGTFISDYSIAMDKIKQQDFVNWLLAQKGKKNDW-(2x AEEAc -γ-Glu)-C16- diacid/K18, EGTFISDYSIAMDKIKQQDFVNWLLAQKGKKNDW-(3x AEEAc -γ-Glu)-C16- diacid/K18, EGTFISDYSIAMDKIKQQDFVNWLLAQKGKKNDW-(3x AEEAc -γ-Glu)-C18- diacid/K18, SGTFISDYSIAMDKIKQQDFVNWLLAQKGKKNDW-(2x AEEAc G-γ-Glu)-C16- diacid/K18, SGTFISDYSIAMDKIKQQDFVNWLLAQKGKKNDW-(3x AEEAc -γ-Glu)-C16- diacid/K18, SGTFISDYSIAMDKIKQQDFVNWLLAQKGKKNDW-(3x AEEAc -γ-Glu)-C18- diacid/K18, SGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQRGRRNDW-(2x AEEAc -γ-Glu)-C16-diacid /K18, SGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQRGRRNDW-(3x AEEAc -γ-Glu)-C16-diacid /K18, SGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQRGRRNDW-(3x AEEAc -γ-Glu)-C18-diacid /K18, EGTFISDYSIAMDKIKQQDFVNWLLAQKGPSSGAPPPS-(2x AEEAc -γ-Glu)-C16- diacid/K18, EGTFISDYSIAMDKIKQQDFVNWLLAQKGPSSGAPPPS-(3x AEEAc -γ-Glu)-C16- diacid/K18, EGTFISDYSIAMDKIKQQDFVNWLLAQKGPSSGAPPPS-(2x AEEAc-γ-Glu)-C18- diacid/K18, EGTFISDYSIAMDKIKQQDFVNWLLAQKGPSSGAPPPS-(3x AEEAc-γ-Glu)-C18- diacid/K18, SGTFISDYSIAMDKIKQQDFVNWLLAQKGPSSGAPPPS-(2x AEEAc -γ-Glu)-C16- diacid/K18, SGTFISDYSIAMDKIKQQDFVNWLLAQKGPSSGAPPPS-(3x AEEAc -γ-Glu)-C16- diacid/K18, SGTFISDYSIAMDKIKQQDFVNWLLAQKGPSSGAPPPS-(2x AEEAc -γ-Glu)-C18- diacid/K18, SGTFISDYSIAMDKIKQQDFVNWLLAQKGPSSGAPPPS-(3x AEEAc -γ-Glu)-C18- diacid/K18, SGTFISDYSIAMDHIKQQDFVNWLLAQRGPSSGAPPPS-(2x AEEAc -γ-Glu)-C16- diacid/K18, SGTFISDYSIAMDHIKQQDFVNWLLAQRGPSSGAPPPS-(3x AEEAc -γ-Glu)-C16- diacid/K18, SGTFISDYSIAMDHIKQQDFVNWLLAQRGPSSGAPPPS-(2x AEEAc -γ-Glu)-C18- diacid/K18, SGTFISDYSIAMDHIKQQDFVNWLLAQRGPSSGAPPPS-(3x AEEAc -γ-Glu)-C18- diacid/K18, TFISDYKIAMDKIHQQDFVNWLLAQKG-(γ-Glu)-C16-diacid/K11, TFISDYKIAMDKIHQQDFVNWLLAQKGK-(γ-Glu)-C16-diacid/K11, TFISDYKIAMDKIHQQDFVNWLLAQKGKK-(γ-Glu)-C16-diacid/K11, TFISDYKIAMDKIHQQDFVNWLLAQKGKKN-(γ-Glu)-C16-diacid/K11, TFISDYKIAMDKIHQQDFVNWLLAQKGKKND-(γ-Glu)-C16-diacid/K11, TFISDYKIAMDKIHQQDFVNWLLAQKGKKNDW-(γ-Glu)-C16-diacid/K11, TFISDYKIAMDHIHQQDFVNWLLAQRGRRNDW-(2x AEEAc +γ-Glu)-C16-diacid /K11, TFISDYKIAMDHIHQQDFVNWLLAQRGRRNDW-(3x AEEAc +γ-Glu)-C16-diacid/K11, TFISDYKIAMDHIHQQDFVNWLLAQRGRRNDW-(3x AEEAc +γ-Glu)-C18-diacid/K11, TFISDYKIAMDKIHQQDFVNWLLAQKGKKNDWK-(γ-Glu)-C16-diacid/K11, TFISDYKIAMDKIHQQDFVNWLLAQKGKKNDWKH-(γ-Glu)-C16-diacid/K11, TFISDYKIAMDKIHQQDFVNWLLAQKGKKNDWKHN-(γ-Glu)-C16-diacid/K11, TFISDYKIAMDKIHQQDFVNWLLAQKGKKNDWKHNI-(γ-Glu)-C16-diacid/K11, TFISDYKIAMDKIHQQDFVNWLLAQKGKKNDWKHNIT-(γ-Glu)-C16-diacid/K11, TFISDYKIAMDKIHQQDFVNWLLAQKGKKNDWKHNITQ-(γ-Glu)-C16-diacid/K11, TFISDYKIAMDRIHQQDFVNWLLAQRGPSSGAPPPS-(2x AEEAc +γ-Glu)-C16- diacid/K11, TFISDYKIAMDRIHQQDFVNWLLAQRGPSSGAPPPS-(3x AEEAc +γ-Glu)-C16- diacid/K11, TFISDYKIAMDHIHQQDFVNWLLAQKGPSSGAPPPS-NH2-(γ-Glu)-C16-diacid/K11, TFISDYKIAMDRIHQQDFVNWLLAQRGPSSGAPPPS-(2x AEEAc +γ-Glu)-C18- diacid/K11, and TFISDYKIAMDRIHQQDFVNWLLAQRGPSSGAPPPS-(3x AEEAc +γ-Glu)-C18- diacid/K11, or a functional variant thereof.

In one embodiment said peptide is C-terminally amidated (—NH₂).

In one embodiment the GIP analogue is selected from the group consisting of:

(hGIP10-30, SEQ ID NO:) YSIAMDKIKQQDFVNWLLAQK-C16-diacid/K18, (hGIP9-30, SEQ ID NO:) DYSIAMDKIKQQDFVNWLLAQK-C16-diacid/K18, (hGIP8-30, SEQ ID NO:) SDYSIAMDKIKQQDFVNWLLAQK-C16-diacid/K18, (hGIP7-30, SEQ ID NO:) ISDYSIAMDKIKQQDFVNWLLAQK-C16-diacid/K18, (hGIP6-30, SEQ ID NO:) FISDYSIAMDKIKQQDFVNWLLAQK-C16-diacid/K18, (AT477) TFISDYSIAMDKIKQQDFVNWLLAQE-C16-diacid/K18,  (AT482) TFISEYSIAMEKIKQQEFVQWLLAQK-C16-diacid/K18, and (AT483) AFISDYAAAMDKIKQQDFVAWLLAQK-C16-diacid/K18, or a functional variant thereof, wherein said fatty acid is attached directly or via a linker/spacer as defined herein.

In one embodiment said peptide is C-terminally amidated (—NH₂).

Compound

It is a further aspect to provide a compound comprising or consisting of a peptide as defined herein. In one embodiment, said compound is formulated as a peptide monomer (i.e. comprising 1 copy of the peptide), whereas in another embodiment, said compound is formulated as a peptide multimer.

Multimeric Compound

In one embodiment the peptide according to the present disclosure is formulated as a multimer. A multimer is a protein comprising or consisting of multiple peptide monomers. A multimer is an aggregate of multiple molecules that is usually held together with non-covalent bonds. This definition distinguishes a multimer from a polymer, which is a series of monomers that are held together with covalent bonds.

A peptide sequence of the present disclosure is in one embodiment connected to another (identical or non-identical) peptide sequence of the present disclosure by a chemical bond or through a linker group. In some embodiments a peptide of the disclosure is formulated as an oligomer or multimer of monomers, wherein each monomer is as a peptide sequence as defined according to the present disclosure.

Thus, according to the disclosure a multimeric compound is in one embodiment a polymer comprising two or more peptide sequences of the disclosure, said peptide sequences being identical or non-identical, wherein at least one of the two or more peptide sequences is a peptide according to the present disclosure. Preferably, both peptide sequences are a peptide according to the present disclosure.

In one embodiment the multimeric compound is a dimer, comprising two peptides according to the present disclosure, said two peptides being identical or non-identical with respect to each other.

In another embodiment the multimeric compound is a trimer, comprising three peptides according to the present disclosure, said peptides being identical or non-identical with respect to each other.

In another embodiment the multimeric compound is a tetramer, comprising four peptides according to the present disclosure, said peptides being identical or non-identical with respect to each other.

In one embodiment the multimeric compound is a dendrimer, such as a tetrameric or octameric dendrimer. Dendrimers are repeatedly branched, roughly spherical large molecules, typically symmetric around the core, and often adopts a spherical three-dimensional morphology.

Dendrimers according to the present disclosure may comprise 4 peptides, 8 peptides, 16 peptides, or 32 peptides. In one particular embodiment said dendrimer comprises four peptides (i.e. a tetrameric dendrimer) or eight peptides (octameric dendrimer).

In some particular embodiments, the multimeric compound comprises two identical amino acid sequences of the present invention (dimer) or the compound comprises four identical copies of an amino acid sequence of the present disclosure (tetrameric dendrimer).

The multimers according to the disclosure is in one embodiment made by linking two or more peptide monomers via a peptide bond or a linker group. In one embodiment they are linked to a lysine backbone, such as a lysine residue (each peptide chain is linked to a single lysine residue), or coupled to a polymer carrier, for example a protein carrier. Said linker group in one embodiment comprises a plurality of lysine residues, such as a core moiety having a plurality of lysine residues, such as seen in a lysine-based dendromeric structure containing three, seven, fifteen and more lysine residues However, any other linking of peptide monomers known to the skilled person may be envisioned.

The linking in one embodiment occurs at the N-terminal and/or C-terminal end of the peptide monomers.

In one embodiment there is provided a multimeric compound, consisting of:

A) one or more glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) analogues selected from the group consisting of:

-   -   A GIP analogue having an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ         ID NO: (hGIP3-30, [E3X₁, K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]):

3    4   5   6   7   8   9  10  11  12  13  14 X₁ - G - T - F - I - S - D - Y - S - I - A - M - 15  16  17 18  19  20  21  22  23  24  25  26  D - R - I X₂ - Q - Q - D - F - V - N - W - L - 27  28  29  30  L - A - Q - X₃

-   -   wherein said amino acid X₁ may be selected from a group         consisting of P, G, A, S and pyroE (pyroglutamic acid),     -   wherein said amino acid X₂ may be selected from a group         consisting of K and Orn,     -   wherein said amino acid X₃ may be selected from a group         consisting of R and E,     -   or a functional variant thereof, wherein said variant has 1 to 4         individual amino acid substitutions at any one of the amino acid         residues at positions 4 to 15, 17 and 19 to 29 of SEQ ID NO:         (hGIP3-30, [E3X₁, K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]),     -   wherein said peptide is modified by attaching at least one fatty         acid molecule at the amino acid at position 18 of SEQ ID NO:         (hGIP3-30, [E3X₁, K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]), or a functional variant         thereof, with or without linker;     -   a glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) analogue         selected from the group consisting of:     -   a peptide having an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO:         (hGIP3-30 [K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]):

3    4   5   6   7   8   9  10  11  12  13  14 X₁ - G - T - F - I - S - D - Y - S - I - A - M - 15  16  17 18  19  20  21  22  23  24  25  26    D - R - I X₂ - Q - Q - D - F - V - N - W - L -  27 28  29   30 L - A - Q - X₃

-   -   and     -   a peptide having an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO:         (hGIP5-30 [K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]):

5   6   7   8   9  10  11  12  13  14  15  16 T - F - I - S - D - Y - S - I - A - M - D - R - 17 18  19  20  21  22  23  24  25  26  27  28  I X₂ - Q - Q - D - F - V - N - W - L - L - A - 29   30  Q - X₃

-   -   wherein said amino acid X₁ may be selected from a group         consisting of E, P, G, A, S and pyroE,     -   wherein said amino acid X₂ may be selected from a group         consisting of K and Orn,     -   wherein said amino acid X₃ may be selected from a group         consisting of R and E,     -   or a functional variant thereof, wherein said functional variant         has 1 to 4 individual amino acid substitutions at any one of the         amino acid residues at positions 4 to 15, 17 and 19 to 29 of any         one of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP5-30, [K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]) and SEQ ID         NO: (hGIP3-30, [K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]),     -   wherein said peptide is modified by attaching at least one fatty         acid molecule at the amino acid at position 18 via a linker;     -   a glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) analogue         selected from the group consisting of:     -   a peptide having an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO:         (hGIP3-30):

3 - 4 - 5 - 6   7   8   9  10  11  12  13  14 E - G - T - F - I - S - D - Y - S - I - A - M - 15  16  17 18  19  20  21  22  23  24  25  26    D - K - I  H - Q - Q - D - F - V - N - W - L -  27  28  29  30  L - A - Q - K - Z,

-   -   a peptide having an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO:         (hGIP5-30):

5 - 6   7   8   9  10  11  12  13  14  15  16 T - F - I - S - D - Y - S - I - A - M - D - K - 17 18  19  20  21  22  23  24  25  26  27  28  I  H - Q - Q - D - F - V - N - W - L - L - A -  29  30  Q - K - Z

-   -   and     -   a peptide having an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO:         (hGIP6-30):

6   7   8   9  10  11  12  13  14  15  16  17 F - I - S - D - Y - S - I - A - M - D - K - I 18  19  20  21  22  23  24  25  26  27  28  29  H - Q - Q - D - F - V - N - W - L - L - A - Q - 30  K - Z

-   -   or a functional variant thereof, wherein said variant has 1 to 4         individual amino acid substitutions at any one of SEQ ID NO:         (hGIP5-30) and SEQ ID NO: (hGIP6-30),     -   wherein said peptide is modified by attaching at least one fatty         acid molecule at one or more amino acid residues at positions 4         to 29 of any one of SEQ ID NO: and SEQ ID NO:, or a functional         variant thereof comprising between 1 and 4 amino acid         substitutions at any one of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP5-30) and SEQ ID NO:         (hGIP6-30), with or without a linker,     -   wherein Z is:     -   a. a glycine,     -   b. a fragment selected from the group consisting of:         -   GP, GPS, GPSS, GPSSG, GPSSGA, GPSSGAP, GPSSGAPP, GPSSGAPPP             and GPSSGAPPPS,     -   c. a fragment selected from the group consisting of:         -   GK, GKK, GKKN, GKKND, GKKNDW, GRKNDW, GKRNDW, GRRNDW,             GKKNDWK, GKKNDWKH, GKKNDWKHN, GKKNDWKHNI, GKKNDWKHNIT and             GKKNDWKHNITQ, or     -   d. a fragment selected from the group consisting of:         -   GPSSGA, GPSSGAP, GPSSGAPP, GPSSGAPPP, GPSSGAPPPS, GKKNDW,             GRKNDW, GKRNDW, GRRNDW, GKKNDWK, GKKNDWKH, GKKNDWKHN,             GKKNDWKHNI, GKKNDWKHNIT and GKKNDWKHNITQ,         -   or a variant thereof comprising 1 or 2 individual amino acid             substitutions at any one of the amino acid residues;     -   glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) analogue having         an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP10-30):

10  11  12  13  14  15  16  17  18  19  20  21  Y - S - I - A - M - D - K - I - H - Q - Q - D - 22  23 24  25  26  27  28  29  30  F - V  N - W - L - L - A - Q - K

-   -   wherein said peptide optionally further comprises:     -   the peptide D at the N-terminus (hGIP9-30, SEQ ID NO:),     -   the dipeptide S-D at the N-terminus (hGIP8-30, SEQ ID NO:),     -   the tripeptide I-S-D at the N-terminus (hGIP7-30, SEQ ID NO:),     -   the tetrapeptide F-I-S-D at the N-terminus (hGIP6-30, SEQ ID         NO:),     -   or a functional variant thereof, wherein said variant has 1 to 4         individual amino acid substitutions at any amino acid residue of         any one of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP10-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP9-30), SEQ ID         NO: (hGIP8-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP7-30), and SEQ ID NO:         (hGIP6-30),     -   wherein said peptide is modified by attaching at least one fatty         acid molecule at one or more amino acid residues at positions 10         to 29 of any one SEQ ID NO: (hGIP10-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP9-30),         SEQ ID NO: (hGIP8-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP7-30), and SEQ ID NO:         (hGIP6-30), or a functional variant thereof comprising between 1         and 4 individual amino acid substitutions, with or without a         linker;     -   a glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) analogue having         an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30         [H18X₂, K30X₃]):

3   4   5   6   7   8   9  10  11  12  13  14  15 E - G - T - F - I - S - D - Y - S - I - A - M - D - 16  17  18  19  20  21  22  23  24  25  26  27    K - I  X ₂  - Q - Q - D - F - V - N - W - L - L - 28  29  30  A - Q - X ₃

-   -   wherein said amino acid X₂ may be selected from a group         consisting of K and Orn,     -   wherein said amino acid X₃ may be selected from a group         consisting of R and E,     -   or a functional variant thereof having 1 to 4 individual amino         acid substitutions at any one of positions 4 to 30 of SEQ ID NO:         (hGIP3-30 [H18X₂, K30X₃]),     -   wherein said peptide is modified by attaching at least one fatty         acid molecule at the amino acid at position 18 of SEQ ID NO:         (hGIP3-30 [H18X₂, K30X₃]), or a functional variant thereof, with         or without linker;     -   a glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) analogue having         an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [D9E,         D15E, H18X₂, D21E, N24Q]):

3   4   5   6   7   8   9  10  11  12  13  14  15 E - G - T - F - I - S - E - Y - S - I - A - M - E - 16  17  18  19  20  21  22  23  24  25  26  27   K - I  X ₂ - Q - Q - E - F - V - Q - W - L - L - 28  29  30  A - Q - K

-   -   wherein said amino acid X₂ may be selected from a group         consisting of K and Orn,     -   or a functional variant thereof having 1 to 4 individual amino         acid substitutions at any one of positions 4 to 30 of SEQ ID NO:         (hGIP3-30 [D9E, D15E, H18X₂, D21E, N24Q]),     -   wherein said peptide is modified by attaching at least one fatty         acid molecule at the amino acid at position 18 of SEQ ID NO:         (hGIP3-30 [D9E, D15E, H18X₂, D21E, N24Q]), or a functional         variant thereof, with or without linker; and     -   a glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) analogue having         an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [T5A,         S11A, I12A, H18X₂, N24A]):

3   4   5   6   7   8   9  10  11  12  13  14  15 E - G - A - F - I - S - E - Y - A - A - A - M - E - 16  17  18 19  20  21  22  23  24  25  26  27  K - I  X ₂ - Q - Q - E - F - V - A - W - L - L - 28  29  30  A - Q - K

-   -   wherein said amino acid X₂ may be selected from a group         consisting of K and Orn,     -   or a functional variant thereof having 1 to 4 individual amino         acid substitutions at any one of positions 4 to 30 of SEQ ID NO:         (hGIP3-30 [T5A, 511A, I12A, H18X₂, N24A]),     -   wherein said peptide is modified by attaching at least one fatty         acid molecule at the amino acid at position 18 of SEQ ID NO:         (hGIP3-30 [T5A, S11A, I12A, H18X₂, N24A]), or a functional         variant thereof, with or without linker.         B) optionally one or more linker groups.

Determining Antagonist Properties and Affinity

In order to determine whether a peptide is an antagonist of the GIPR, methods known in the art may be employed, for example by determining the IC50 of the peptide. This can be done by constructing a dose-response curve and examining the effect of different concentrations of the peptide on reversing agonist activity. The agonist can be GIP1-42, for example hGIP-1-42 or hGIP1-30. The GIPR can be hGIPR, rGIPR, mGIPR, dog GIPR, pig GIPR or the Macaca mulatta GIPR. IC50 values can be calculated for a given antagonist by determining the concentration needed to inhibit half of the maximum biological response of the agonist. A method for determining whether a peptide is an antagonist is described in example 4, but other methods known in the art may also be used. For example, Schild plot analysis may be performed on hGIP1-42 cAMP dose-response curves with increasing concentrations of GIP-derived peptides. In this way, the type of antagonist activity may also be determined. The GIP peptide analogues of the present disclosure are characterized by having antagonistic activity towards GIPR. In particular, the GIP peptide analogues of the present disclosure are potent antagonists of GIPR, due to a large extent to the presence of a fatty acid in the core of the GIP peptide (residues 3 to 29 of GIP) as well as to the presence of an elongation at the C-terminus of the GIP peptide.

In one embodiment, the GIP peptide analogue of the present disclosure is an antagonist of GIPR.

In one embodiment, the GIP peptide analogue of the present disclosure inhibits, such as is capable of inhibiting, GIPR activity of at least 70%, such as of at least 75%, such as of at least 80%, such as of at least 85%, such as of at least 90%, such as of at least 95%, such as of about 100%, as measured via an assay that determines the decrease in intracellular cAMP, such as via a CisBio cAMP assay and/or via a DiscoveRx cAMP assay, which are described in “Materials and methods”.

In one embodiment, the GIP peptide analogue of the present disclosure inhibits GIPR activity of at least 80%, such as of at least 85%, such as of at least 90%, such as of at least 95%, such as of about 100%, wherein inhibition of GIPR activity is determined as a decrease in intracellular cAMP, for example via an assay that determines the decrease in intracellular cAMP, such as via a CisBio cAMP assay and/or via a DiscoveRx cAMP assay, which are described in “Materials and methods”. The % inhibition is a % of inhibition of E max, which means that if a peptide inhibits E max of 85%, there is 15% activity left of the GIPR.

In one embodiment, the GIP peptide analogue of the present disclosure has a GIPR antagonistic activity corresponding to an IC50 of 50 nM or less, such as of 45 nM or less, such as of 40 nM or less, such as of 35 nM or less, such as of 30 nM or less, such as of 25 nM or less, such as of 20 nM or less, such as of 15 nM or less, such as of 10 nM or less, such as of 5 nM or less, such as of between 1 and 5 nM, wherein antagonistic activity (also referred to as “potency”) is measured via an assay that determines the decrease in intracellular cAMP, such as via a CisBio cAMP assay and/or via a DiscoveRx cAMP assay, which are described in “Materials and methods”.

Methods for determining antagonistic activity of a compound, such as of a GIP peptide analogue, are known to the person of skills in the art. Exemplary methods that can be used for determining antagonistic activity of a compound, such as of a GIP peptide analogue, can be found herein in the “Examples”, for example, these methods comprise measuring intracellular cAMP and determining a decrease in intracellular cAMP resulting from treatment of cells with a GIP peptide analogue.

The GIP peptide analogues of the present disclosure are also characterized by having low or no agonistic activity towards GIPR. GIP peptide analogues having low or no agonistic activity towards GIPR, such as an agonistic activity of 20% or less, preferably of 10% or less, ever more preferably of 5% or less, are also referred to as “silent antagonists”.

In one embodiment the GIP peptide analogue of the present disclosure is capable of stimulating GIPR activity of at most 30%, such as of at most 25%, such as of at the most 20%, such as of at the most 15%, such as of at the most 10%, such as of at the most 5%, in one embodiment the GIP peptide analogue of the present disclosure has no agonistic activity towards GIPR, that is it stimulates GIPR activity of about 0%.

Agonstic activity of a GIP peptide analogue towards GIPR can be determined in the same way as antagonistic activity, but an increase in intracellular cAMP is measured, instead of a decrease, as described in “Materials and methods”.

Method of Treatment

It is also an aspect to provide a peptide as defined herein, or a composition comprising the peptide, for use as a medicament.

In one embodiment there is provided a GIP analogue having an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, [E3X₁, K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]):

3  4   5   6   7   8   9   10  11  12  13  14 X ₁ - G - T - F - I - S - D - Y - S - I - A - M - 15  16  17  18  19  20  21  22  23  24  25  26  D - R - I  X ₂ - Q - Q - D - F - V - N - W - L - 27  28  29  30  L - A - Q - X ₃ wherein said amino acid X₁ may be selected from a group consisting of P, G, A, S and pyroE (pyroglutamic acid), wherein said amino acid X₂ may be selected from a group consisting of K and Orn, wherein said amino acid X₃ may be selected from a group consisting of R and E, or a functional variant thereof, wherein said variant has 1 to 4 individual amino acid substitutions at any one of the amino acid residues at positions 4 to 15, 17 and 19 to 29 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, [E3X₁, K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]), wherein said amino acid X may be selected from a group consisting of P, G, A, S and pyroE (pyroglutamic acid), wherein said peptide is modified by attaching at least one fatty acid molecule at the amino acid at position 18 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, [E3X₁, K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]), or a functional variant thereof, with or without linker, for use as a medicament.

In one embodiment there is provided a GIP analogue having an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, [E3X₁, K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]):

3  4   5   6   7   8   9   10  11  12  13  14 X ₁ - G - T - F - I - S - D - Y - S - I - A - M - 15  16  17  18  19  20  21  22  23  24  25  26  D - R - I  X ₂ - Q - Q - D - F - V - N - W - L -  27  28  29  30  L - A - Q - X ₃ wherein said amino acid X₁ may be selected from a group consisting of P, G, A, S and pyroE (pyroglutamic acid), wherein said amino acid X₂ may be selected from a group consisting of K and Orn, wherein said amino acid X₃ may be selected from a group consisting of R and E, or a functional variant thereof, wherein said variant has 1 to 4 individual amino acid substitutions at any one of the amino acid residues at positions 4 to 15, 17 and 19 to 29 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, [E3X₁, K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]), wherein said amino acid X may be selected from a group consisting of P, G, A, S and pyroE (pyroglutamic acid), wherein said peptide is modified by attaching at least one fatty acid molecule at the amino acid at position 18 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, [E3X₁, K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]), or a functional variant thereof, with or without linker, for use in a method of inhibiting or reducing one or more of i) GIP-induced glucagon secretion, ii) GIP-induced insulin secretion, iii) GIP-induced somatostatin secretion, iv) GIP-induced glucose uptake, v) GIP-induced fatty acid synthesis and/or fatty acid incorporation, vi) high or increased expression or activity of a GIPR, vii) post-prandial GIP release, viii) serum levels of free fatty acids and/or triglycerides, ix) GIP-induced reduction of bone resorption.

In one embodiment there is provided a GIP analogue having an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, [E3X₁, K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]):

3  4   5   6   7   8   9   10  11  12  13  14 X ₁ - G - T - F - I - S - D - Y - S - I - A - M - 15  16  17  18  19  20  21  22  23  24  25  26  D - R - I  X ₂ - Q - Q - D - F - V - N - W - L -  27  28  29  30  L - A - Q - X ₃ wherein said amino acid X₁ may be selected from a group consisting of P, G, A, S and pyroE (pyroglutamic acid), wherein said amino acid X₂ may be selected from a group consisting of K and Orn, wherein said amino acid X₃ may be selected from a group consisting of R and E, or a functional variant thereof, wherein said variant has 1 to 4 individual amino acid substitutions at any one of the amino acid residues at positions 4 to 15, 17 and 19 to 29 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, [E3X₁, K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]), wherein said amino acid X may be selected from a group consisting of P, G, A, S and pyroE (pyroglutamic acid), wherein said peptide is modified by attaching at least one fatty acid molecule at the amino acid at position 18 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, [E3X₁, K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]), or a functional variant thereof, with or without linker, for use for use in a method of treating a condition selected from the group consisting of metabolic syndrome, obesity, over-weight, an obesity-related disorder, pre-diabetes (impaired fasting glucose), diabetes mellitus (type I and type 2), a diabetes-related disorder, insulin resistance, elevated fasting glucose (hyperglycemia), elevated fasting serum triglyceride level (VLDL triglyceride), low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels, a fatty acid metabolism disorder, a cardiovascular disease, elevated blood pressure and atherosclerosis.

In one embodiment there is provided a GIP analogue having an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, [E3X₁, K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]):

3  4   5   6   7   8   9   10  11  12  13  14 X ₁ - G - T - F - I - S - D - Y - S - I - A - M - 15  16  17  18  19  20  21  22  23  24  25  26  D - R - I  X ₂ - Q - Q - D - F - V - N - W - L -  27  28  29  30  L - A - Q - X ₃ wherein said amino acid X₁ may be selected from a group consisting of P, G, A, S and pyroE (pyroglutamic acid), wherein said amino acid X₂ may be selected from a group consisting of K and Orn, wherein said amino acid X₃ may be selected from a group consisting of R and E, or a functional variant thereof, wherein said variant has 1 to 4 individual amino acid substitutions at any one of the amino acid residues at positions 4 to 15, 17 and 19 to 29 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, [E3X₁, K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]), wherein said amino acid X may be selected from a group consisting of P, G, A, S and pyroE (pyroglutamic acid), wherein said peptide is modified by attaching at least one fatty acid molecule at the amino acid at position 18 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, [E3X₁, K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]), or a functional variant thereof, with or without linker, for use in a method of inducing weight-loss.

In one embodiment there is provided a GIP analogue having an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, [E3X₁, K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]):

3  4   5   6   7   8   9   10  11  12  13  14 X ₁ - G - T - F - I - S - D - Y - S - I - A - M - 15  16  17  18  19  20  21  22  23  24  25  26  D - R - I  X ₂ - Q - Q - D - F - V - N - W - L -  27  28  29  30  L - A - Q - X ₃ wherein said amino acid X₁ may be selected from a group consisting of P, G, A, S and pyroE (pyroglutamic acid), wherein said amino acid X₂ may be selected from a group consisting of K and Orn, wherein said amino acid X₃ may be selected from a group consisting of R and E, or a functional variant thereof, wherein said variant has 1 to 4 individual amino acid substitutions at any one of the amino acid residues at positions 4 to 15, 17 and 19 to 29 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, [E3X₁, K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]), wherein said amino acid X may be selected from a group consisting of P, G, A, S and pyroE (pyroglutamic acid), wherein said peptide is modified by attaching at least one fatty acid molecule at the amino acid at position 18 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, [E3X₁, K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]), or a functional variant thereof, with or without linker, for use in the manufacture of a medicament for

-   -   treating a condition selected from the group consisting of         metabolic syndrome, obesity, over-weight, an obesity-related         disorder, pre-diabetes (impaired fasting glucose), diabetes         mellitus (type I and type 2), a diabetes-related disorder,         insulin resistance, elevated fasting glucose (hyperglycemia),         elevated fasting serum triglyceride level (VLDL triglyceride),         low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels, a fatty acid         metabolism disorder, a cardiovascular disease, elevated blood         pressure and atherosclerosis, or     -   inducing weight-loss, or     -   treating cancer, including but not limited to colon cancer, a         neuroendocrine cancer and adrenal adenoma, or     -   treating a bone density disorder, including but not limited to         osteoporosis, disorders characterized by low bone density and/or         reduced bone volume, disorders characterized by high bone         density and/or increased bone volume and osteoporosis.

In one embodiment there is provided a GIP analogue selected from the group consisting of:

a peptide having an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]):

3  4   5   6   7   8   9   10  11  12  13  14 X ₁ - G - T - F - I - S - D - Y - S - I - A - M - 15  16  17  18  19  20  21  22  23  24  25  26  D - R - I  X ₂ - Q - Q - D - F - V - N - W - L -  27  28  29  30  L - A - Q - X ₃ and a peptide having an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP5-30 [K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]):

5   6   7   8   9  10  11  12  13  14  15  16  17  T - F - I - S - D - Y - S - I - A - M - D - R - I 18  19  20  21  22  23  24  25  26  27  28  29  30  X ₂ - Q - Q - D - F - V - N - W - L - L - A - Q - X ₃ wherein said amino acid X₁ may be selected from a group consisting of P, G, A, S and pyroE (pyroglutamic acid), wherein said amino acid X₂ may be selected from a group consisting of K and Orn, wherein said amino acid X₃ may be selected from a group consisting of R and E, or a functional variant thereof, wherein said functional variant has 1 to 4 individual amino acid substitutions at any one of the amino acid residues at positions 4 to 15, 17 and 19 to 29 of any one of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP5-30, [K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]) and SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, [K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]), wherein said peptide is modified by attaching at least one fatty acid molecule at the amino acid at position 18 via a linker, for use as a medicament.

In one embodiment there is provided a GIP analogue selected from the group consisting of:

a peptide having an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]):

3  4   5   6   7   8   9   10  11  12  13  14 X ₁ - G - T - F - I - S - D - Y - S - I - A - M - 15  16  17  18  19  20  21  22  23  24  25  26  D - R - I  X ₂ - Q - Q - D - F - V - N - W - L -  27  28  29  30  L - A - Q - X ₃ and a peptide having an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP5-30 [K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]):

5   6   7   8   9  10  11  12  13  14  15  16  17 T - F - I - S - D - Y - S - I - A - M - D - R - I 18  19  20  21  22  23  24  25  26  27  28  29  30 X ₂ - Q - Q - D - F - V - N - W - L - L - A - Q - X ₃ wherein said amino acid X₁ may be selected from a group consisting of P, G, A, S and pyroE (pyroglutamic acid), wherein said amino acid X₂ may be selected from a group consisting of K and Orn, wherein said amino acid X₃ may be selected from a group consisting of R and E, or a functional variant thereof, wherein said functional variant has 1 to 4 individual amino acid substitutions at any one of the amino acid residues at positions 4 to 15, 17 and 19 to 29 of any one of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP5-30, [K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]) and SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, [K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]), wherein said peptide is modified by attaching at least one fatty acid molecule at the amino acid at position 18 via a linker, for use in a method of inhibiting or reducing one or more of i) GIP-induced glucagon secretion, ii) GIP-induced insulin secretion, iii) GIP-induced somatostatin secretion, iv) GIP-induced glucose uptake, v) GIP-induced fatty acid synthesis and/or fatty acid incorporation, vi) high or increased expression or activity of a GIPR, vii) post-prandial GIP release, viii) serum levels of free fatty acids and/or triglycerides, ix) GIP-induced reduction of bone resorption.

In one embodiment there is provided a GIP analogue selected from the group consisting of:

a peptide having an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]):

3  4   5   6   7   8   9   10  11  12  13  14 X ₁ - G - T - F - I - S - D - Y - S - I - A - M - 15  16  17  18  19  20  21  22  23  24  25  26  D - R - I  X ₂ - Q - Q - D - F - V - N - W - L -  27  28  29  30  L - A - Q - X ₃ and a peptide having an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP5-30 [K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]):

5   6   7   8   9  10  11  12  13  14  15  16  17 T - F - I - S - D - Y - S - I - A - M - D - R - I 18  19  20  21  22  23  24  25  26  27  28  29  30 X ₂ - Q - Q - D - F - V - N - W - L - L - A - Q - X ₃ wherein said amino acid X₁ may be selected from a group consisting of P, G, A, S and pyroE (pyroglutamic acid), wherein said amino acid X₂ may be selected from a group consisting of K and Orn, wherein said amino acid X₃ may be selected from a group consisting of R and E, or a functional variant thereof, wherein said functional variant has 1 to 4 individual amino acid substitutions at any one of the amino acid residues at positions 4 to 15, 17 and 19 to 29 of any one of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP5-30, [K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]) and SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, [K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]), wherein said peptide is modified by attaching at least one fatty acid molecule at the amino acid at position 18 via a linker, for use for use in a method of treating a condition selected from the group consisting of metabolic syndrome, obesity, over-weight, an obesity-related disorder, pre-diabetes (impaired fasting glucose), diabetes mellitus (type I and type 2), a diabetes-related disorder, insulin resistance, elevated fasting glucose (hyperglycemia), elevated fasting serum triglyceride level (VLDL triglyceride), low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels, a fatty acid metabolism disorder, a cardiovascular disease, elevated blood pressure and atherosclerosis.

In one embodiment there is provided a GIP analogue selected from the group consisting of:

a peptide having an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]):

3  4   5   6   7   8   9   10  11  12  13  14 X ₁ - G - T - F - I - S - D - Y - S - I - A - M - 15  16  17  18  19  20  21  22  23  24  25  26  D - R - I  X ₂ - Q - Q - D - F - V - N - W - L -  27  28  29  30  L - A - Q - X ₃ and a peptide having an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP5-30 [K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]):

5   6   7   8   9  10  11  12  13  14  15  T - F - I - S - D - Y - S - I - A - M - D - 16  17  18  19  20  21  22  23  24  25  26   R - I  X ₂  - Q - Q - D - F - V - N - W - L - 27  28  29  30  L - A - Q - X ₃ wherein said amino acid X₁ may be selected from a group consisting of P, G, A, S and pyroE (pyroglutamic acid), wherein said amino acid X₂ may be selected from a group consisting of K and Orn, wherein said amino acid X₃ may be selected from a group consisting of R and E, or a functional variant thereof, wherein said functional variant has 1 to 4 individual amino acid substitutions at any one of the amino acid residues at positions 4 to 15, 17 and 19 to 29 of any one of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP5-30, [K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]) and SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, [K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]), wherein said peptide is modified by attaching at least one fatty acid molecule at the amino acid at position 18 via a linker, for use in a method of inducing weight-loss.

In one embodiment there is provided a GIP analogue selected from the group consisting of:

a peptide having an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]):

3   4   5   6   7   8   9  10  11  12  13  X ₁  - G - T - F - I - S - D - Y - S - I - A - 14  15  16  17  18  19  20  21  22  23  24   M - D - R - I  X ₂  - Q - Q - D - F - V - N - 25  26  27  28  29  30  W - L - L - A - Q - X ₃ and a peptide having an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP5-30 [K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]):

5   6   7   8   9  10  11  12  13  14  15  T - F - I - S - D - Y - S - I - A - M - D - 16  17  18  19  20  21  22  23  24  25  26   R - I  X ₂  - Q - Q - D - F - V - N - W - L - 27  28  29  30  L - A - Q - X ₃ wherein said amino acid X₁ may be selected from a group consisting of P, G, A, S and pyroE (pyroglutamic acid), wherein said amino acid X₂ may be selected from a group consisting of K and Orn, wherein said amino acid X₃ may be selected from a group consisting of R and E, or a functional variant thereof, wherein said functional variant has 1 to 4 individual amino acid substitutions at any one of the amino acid residues at positions 4 to 15, 17 and 19 to 29 of any one of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP5-30, [K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]) and SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, [K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]), wherein said peptide is modified by attaching at least one fatty acid molecule at the amino acid at position 18 via a linker, for use in the manufacture of a medicament for

-   -   treating a condition selected from the group consisting of         metabolic syndrome, obesity, over-weight, an obesity-related         disorder, pre-diabetes (impaired fasting glucose), diabetes         mellitus (type I and type 2), a diabetes-related disorder,         insulin resistance, elevated fasting glucose (hyperglycemia),         elevated fasting serum triglyceride level (VLDL triglyceride),         low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels, a fatty acid         metabolism disorder, a cardiovascular disease, elevated blood         pressure and atherosclerosis, or     -   inducing weight-loss, or     -   treating cancer, including but not limited to colon cancer, a         neuroendocrine cancer and adrenal adenoma, or     -   treating a bone density disorder, including but not limited to         osteoporosis, disorders characterized by low bone density and/or         reduced bone volume, disorders characterized by high bone         density and/or increased bone volume and osteoporosis.

In one embodiment there is provided a GIP analogue selected from the group consisting of:

a peptide having an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30):

3 - 4 - 5 - 6   7   8   9  10  11  12  13  E - G - T - F - I - S - D - Y - S - I - A - 14  15  16  17  18  19  20  21  22  23  24   M - D - K - I  H - Q - Q - D - F - V - N - 25  26  27  28  29  30 W - L - L - A - Q - K - Z, a peptide having an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP5-30):

5 - 6   7   8   9  10  11  12  13  14  15  T - F - I - S - D - Y - S - I - A - M - D - 16  17  18  19  20  21  22  23  24  25  26   K - I  H - Q - Q - D - F - V - N - W - L - 27  28  29  30 L - A - Q - K - Z and a peptide having an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP6-30):

6   7   8   9  10  11  12  13  14  15  16  F - I - S - D - Y - S - I - A - M - D - K-  17  18  19  20  21  22  23  24  25  26  27   I  H - Q - Q - D - F - V - N - W - L - L - 28  29  30 A - Q - K - Z or a functional variant thereof, wherein said variant has 1 to 4 individual amino acid substitutions at any one of the amino acid residues of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP5-30) and SEQ ID NO: (hGIP6-30), wherein said peptide is modified by attaching at least one fatty acid molecule at one or more amino acid residues at positions 6 to 29 of any one of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP5-30) and SEQ ID NO: (hGIP6-30), or a functional variant thereof comprising between 1 and 4 amino acid substitutions at any one of the amino acid residues of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP5-30) and SEQ ID NO: (hGIP6-30), with or without a linker, wherein Z is: a glycine, a fragment selected from the group consisting of:

GP, GPS, GPSS, GPSSG, GPSSGA, GPSSGAP, GPSSGAPP, GPSSGAPPP and GPSSGAPPPS,

a fragment selected from the group consisting of:

GK, GKK, GKKN, GKKND, GKKNDW, GRKNDW, GKRNDW, GRRNDW, GKKNDWK, GKKNDWKH, GKKNDWKHN, GKKNDWKHNI, GKKNDWKHNIT and GKKNDWKHNITQ, or

a fragment selected from the group consisting of:

GPSSGA, GPSSGAP, GPSSGAPP, GPSSGAPPP, GPSSGAPPPS, GKKNDW, GRKNDW, GKRNDW, GRRNDW, GKKNDWK, GKKNDWKH, GKKNDWKHN, GKKNDWKHNI, GKKNDWKHNIT and GKKNDWKHNITQ,

or a variant thereof comprising 1 or 2 individual amino acid substitutions at any one of the amino acid residues, for use as a medicament.

In one embodiment there is provided a GIP analogue selected from the group consisting of:

a peptide having an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30):

3 - 4 - 5 - 6   7   8   9  10  11  12  13  E - G - T - F - I - S - D - Y - S - I - A - 14  15  16  17  18  19  20  21  22  23  24   M - D - K - I  H - Q - Q - D - F - V - N - 25  26  27  28  29  30 W - L - L - A - Q - K - Z, a peptide having an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP5-30):

5 - 6   7   8   9  10  11  12  13  14  15  T - F - I - S - D - Y - S - I - A - M - D - 16  17  18  19  20  21  22  23  24  25  26   K - I  H - Q - Q - D - F - V - N - W - L - 27  28  29  30 L - A - Q - K - Z and a peptide having an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP6-30):

6   7   8   9  10  11  12  13  14  15  16  F - I - S - D - Y - S - I - A - M - D - K - 17  18  19  20  21  22  23  24  25  26  27   I  H - Q - Q - D - F - V - N - W - L - L - 28  29  30 A - Q - K - Z or a functional variant thereof, wherein said variant has 1 to 4 individual amino acid substitutions at any one of the amino acid residues of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP5-30) and SEQ ID NO: (hGIP6-30), wherein said peptide is modified by attaching at least one fatty acid molecule at one or more amino acid residues at positions 6 to 29 of any one of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP5-30) and SEQ ID NO: (hGIP6-30), or a functional variant thereof comprising between 1 and 4 amino acid substitutions at any one of the amino acid residues of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP5-30) and SEQ ID NO: (hGIP6-30), with or without a linker, wherein Z is: a glycine, a fragment selected from the group consisting of:

GP, GPS, GPSS, GPSSG, GPSSGA, GPSSGAP, GPSSGAPP, GPSSGAPPP and GPSSGAPPPS,

a fragment selected from the group consisting of:

GK, GKK, GKKN, GKKND, GKKNDW, GRKNDW, GKRNDW, GRRNDW, GKKNDWK, GKKNDWKH, GKKNDWKHN, GKKNDWKHNI, GKKNDWKHNIT and GKKNDWKHNITQ, or

a fragment selected from the group consisting of:

GPSSGA, GPSSGAP, GPSSGAPP, GPSSGAPPP, GPSSGAPPPS, GKKNDW, GRKNDW, GKRNDW, GRRNDW, GKKNDWK, GKKNDWKH, GKKNDWKHN, GKKNDWKHNI, GKKNDWKHNIT and GKKNDWKHNITQ,

or a variant thereof comprising 1 or 2 individual amino acid substitutions at any one of the amino acid residues, for use in a method of inhibiting or reducing one or more of i) GIP-induced glucagon secretion, ii) GIP-induced insulin secretion, iii) GIP-induced somatostatin secretion, iv) GIP-induced glucose uptake, v) GIP-induced fatty acid synthesis and/or fatty acid incorporation, vi) high or increased expression or activity of a GIPR, vii) post-prandial GIP release, viii) serum levels of free fatty acids and/or triglycerides, ix) GIP-induced reduction of bone resorption.

In one embodiment there is provided a GIP analogue selected from the group consisting of:

a peptide having an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30):

3 - 4 - 5 - 6   7   8   9  10  11  12  13  E - G - T - F - I - S - D - Y - S - I - A - 14  15  16  17  18  19  20  21  22  23  24   M - D - K - I  H - Q - Q - D - F - V - N - 25  26  27  28  29  30 W - L - L - A - Q - K - Z, a peptide having an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP5-30):

5 - 6   7   8   9  10  11  12  13  14  15  T - F - I - S - D - Y - S - I - A - M - D - 16  17  18  19  20  21  22  23  24  25  26   K - I  H - Q - Q - D - F - V - N - W - L - 27  28  29  30 L - A - Q - K - Z and a peptide having an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP6-30):

6   7   8   9  10  11  12  13  14  15  16  F - I - S - D - Y - S - I - A - M - D - K - 17  18  19  20  21  22  23  24  25  26  27   I  H - Q - Q - D - F - V - N - W - L - L - 28  29  30 A - Q - K - Z or a functional variant thereof, wherein said variant has 1 to 4 individual amino acid substitutions at any one of the amino acid residues of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP5-30) and SEQ ID NO: (hGIP6-30), wherein said peptide is modified by attaching at least one fatty acid molecule at one or more amino acid residues at positions 6 to 29 of any one of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP5-30) and SEQ ID NO: (hGIP6-30), or a functional variant thereof comprising between 1 and 4 amino acid substitutions at any one of the amino acid residues of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP5-30) and SEQ ID NO: (hGIP6-30), with or without a linker, wherein Z is: a glycine, a fragment selected from the group consisting of:

GP, GPS, GPSS, GPSSG, GPSSGA, GPSSGAP, GPSSGAPP, GPSSGAPPP and GPSSGAPPPS,

a fragment selected from the group consisting of:

GK, GKK, GKKN, GKKND, GKKNDW, GRKNDW, GKRNDW, GRRNDW, GKKNDWK, GKKNDWKH, GKKNDWKHN, GKKNDWKHNI, GKKNDWKHNIT and GKKNDWKHNITQ, or

a fragment selected from the group consisting of:

GPSSGA, GPSSGAP, GPSSGAPP, GPSSGAPPP, GPSSGAPPPS, GKKNDW, GRKNDW, GKRNDW, GRRNDW, GKKNDWK, GKKNDWKH, GKKNDWKHN, GKKNDWKHNI, GKKNDWKHNIT and GKKNDWKHNITQ,

or a variant thereof comprising 1 or 2 individual amino acid substitutions at any one of the amino acid residues, for use for use in a method of treating a condition selected from the group consisting of metabolic syndrome, obesity, over-weight, an obesity-related disorder, pre-diabetes (impaired fasting glucose), diabetes mellitus (type I and type 2), a diabetes-related disorder, insulin resistance, elevated fasting glucose (hyperglycemia), elevated fasting serum triglyceride level (VLDL triglyceride), low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels, a fatty acid metabolism disorder, a cardiovascular disease, elevated blood pressure and atherosclerosis.

In one embodiment there is provided a GIP analogue selected from the group consisting of:

a peptide having an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30):

3 - 4 - 5 - 6   7   8   9  10  11  12  13  E - G - T - F - I - S - D - Y - S - I - A - 14  15  16  17  18  19  20  21  22  23  24   M - D - K - I  H - Q - Q - D - F - V - N - 25  26  27  28  29  30 W - L - L - A - Q - K - Z, a peptide having an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP5-30):

5 - 6   7   8   9  10  11  12  13  14  15  T - F - I - S - D - Y - S - I - A - M - D - 16  17  18  19  20  21  22  23  24  25  26   K - I  H - Q - Q - D - F - V - N - W - L - 27  28  29  30 L - A - Q - K - Z and a peptide having an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP6-30):

6   7   8   9  10  11  12  13  14  15  16  F - I - S - D - Y - S - I - A - M - D - K - 17  18  19  20  21  22  23  24  25  26  27   I  H - Q - Q - D - F - V - N - W - L - L - 28  29  30 A - Q - K - Z or a functional variant thereof, wherein said variant has 1 to 4 individual amino acid substitutions at any one of the amino acid residues of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP5-30) and SEQ ID NO: (hGIP6-30), wherein said peptide is modified by attaching at least one fatty acid molecule at one or more amino acid residues at positions 6 to 29 of any one of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP5-30) and SEQ ID NO: (hGIP6-30), or a functional variant thereof comprising between 1 and 4 amino acid substitutions at any one of the amino acid residues of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP5-30) and SEQ ID NO: (hGIP6-30), with or without a linker, wherein Z is: a glycine, a fragment selected from the group consisting of:

GP, GPS, GPSS, GPSSG, GPSSGA, GPSSGAP, GPSSGAPP, GPSSGAPPP and GPSSGAPPPS,

a fragment selected from the group consisting of:

GK, GKK, GKKN, GKKND, GKKNDW, GRKNDW, GKRNDW, GRRNDW, GKKNDWK, GKKNDWKH, GKKNDWKHN, GKKNDWKHNI, GKKNDWKHNIT and GKKNDWKHNITQ, or

a fragment selected from the group consisting of:

GPSSGA, GPSSGAP, GPSSGAPP, GPSSGAPPP, GPSSGAPPPS, GKKNDW, GRKNDW, GKRNDW, GRRNDW, GKKNDWK, GKKNDWKH, GKKNDWKHN, GKKNDWKHNI, GKKNDWKHNIT and GKKNDWKHNITQ,

or a variant thereof comprising 1 or 2 individual amino acid substitutions at any one of the amino acid residues, for use in a method of inducing weight-loss.

In one embodiment there is provided a GIP analogue selected from the group consisting of:

a peptide having an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30):

3 - 4 - 5 - 6   7   8   9  10  11  12  13  14 E - G - T - F - I - S - D - Y - S - I - A - M -  15  16  17  18  19  20  21  22  23  24  25  26  D - K - I  H - Q - Q - D - F - V - N - W - L - 27  28  29  30 L - A - Q - K - Z, a peptide having an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP5-30):

5 - 6   7   8   9  10  11  12  13  14  15  16  T - F - I - S - D - Y - S - I - A - M - D - K -  17  18  19  20  21  22  23  24  25  26  27  28   I  H - Q - Q - D - F - V - N - W - L - L - A - 29  30 Q - K - Z and a peptide having an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP6-30):

6   7   8   9  10  11  12  13  14  15  16  17 F - I - S - D - Y - S - I - A - M - D - K - I 18  19  20  21  22  23  24  25  26  27  28  29  H - Q - Q - D - F - V - N - W - L - L - A - Q - 30 K - Z or a functional variant thereof, wherein said variant has 1 to 4 individual amino acid substitutions at any one of the amino acid residues of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP5-30) and SEQ ID NO: (hGIP6-30), wherein said peptide is modified by attaching at least one fatty acid molecule at one or more amino acid residues at positions 6 to 29 of any one of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP5-30) and SEQ ID NO: (hGIP6-30), or a functional variant thereof comprising between 1 and 4 amino acid substitutions at any one of the amino acid residues of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP5-30) and SEQ ID NO: (hGIP6-30), with or without a linker, wherein Z is: a glycine, a fragment selected from the group consisting of:

GP, GPS, GPSS, GPSSG, GPSSGA, GPSSGAP, GPSSGAPP, GPSSGAPPP and GPSSGAPPPS,

a fragment selected from the group consisting of: GK, GKK, GKKN, GKKND, GKKNDW, GRKNDW, GKRNDW, GRRNDW, GKKNDWK, GKKNDWKH, GKKNDWKHN, GKKNDWKHNI, GKKNDWKHNIT and GKKNDWKHNITQ, or a fragment selected from the group consisting of:

GPSSGA, GPSSGAP, GPSSGAPP, GPSSGAPPP, GPSSGAPPPS, GKKNDW, GRKNDW, GKRNDW, GRRNDW, GKKNDWK, GKKNDWKH, GKKNDWKHN, GKKNDWKHNI, GKKNDWKHNIT and GKKNDWKHNITQ,

or a variant thereof comprising 1 or 2 individual amino acid substitutions at any one of the amino acid residues, for use in the manufacture of a medicament for

-   -   treating a condition selected from the group consisting of         metabolic syndrome, obesity, over-weight, an obesity-related         disorder, pre-diabetes (impaired fasting glucose), diabetes         mellitus (type I and type 2), a diabetes-related disorder,         insulin resistance, elevated fasting glucose (hyperglycemia),         elevated fasting serum triglyceride level (VLDL triglyceride),         low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels, a fatty acid         metabolism disorder, a cardiovascular disease, elevated blood         pressure and atherosclerosis, or     -   inducing weight-loss, or     -   treating cancer, including but not limited to colon cancer, a         neuroendocrine cancer and adrenal adenoma, or     -   treating a bone density disorder, including but not limited to         osteoporosis, disorders characterized by low bone density and/or         reduced bone volume, disorders characterized by high bone         density and/or increased bone volume and osteoporosis.

In one embodiment there is provided a GIP analogue having an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP10-30):

10  11  12  13  14  15  16  17  18  19  20  21  Y - S - I - A - M - D - H - I - H - Q - Q - D - 22  23  24  25  26  27  28  29  30 F - V   N - W - L - L - A - Q - K wherein said peptide optionally further comprises: the peptide D at the N-terminus (hGIP9-30, SEQ ID NO:), the dipeptide S-D at the N-terminus (hGIP8-30, SEQ ID NO:), the tripeptide I-S-D at the N-terminus (hGIP7-30, SEQ ID NO:), the tetrapeptide F-I-S-D at the N-terminus (hGIP6-30, SEQ ID NO:), or a functional variant thereof, wherein said variant has 1 to 4 individual amino acid substitutions at any amino acid residue of any one of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP10-30), (hGIP9-30, SEQ ID NO:), (hGIP8-30, SEQ ID NO:), (hGIP7-30, SEQ ID NO:), and (hGIP6-30, SEQ ID NO:), wherein said peptide is modified by attaching at least one fatty acid molecule at one or more amino acid residues at positions 10 to 29 of any one SEQ ID NO: (hGIP10-30), (hGIP9-30, SEQ ID NO:), (hGIP8-30, SEQ ID NO:), (hGIP7-30, SEQ ID NO:), and (hGIP6-30, SEQ ID NO:), or a functional variant thereof comprising between 1 and 4 individual amino acid substitutions, with or without a linker, for use as a medicament.

In one embodiment there is provided a GIP analogue having an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP10-30):

10  11  12  13  14  15  16  17  18  19  20  21  Y - S - I - A - M - D - K - I - H - Q - Q - D - 22  23  24  25  26  27  28  29  30 F - V   N - W - L - L - A - Q - K wherein said peptide optionally further comprises: the peptide D at the N-terminus (hGIP9-30, SEQ ID NO:), the dipeptide S-D at the N-terminus (hGIP8-30, SEQ ID NO:), the tripeptide I-S-D at the N-terminus (hGIP7-30, SEQ ID NO:), the tetrapeptide F-I-S-D at the N-terminus (hGIP6-30, SEQ ID NO:), or a functional variant thereof, wherein said variant has 1 to 4 individual amino acid substitutions at any amino acid residue of any one of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP10-30), (hGIP9-30, SEQ ID NO:), (hGIP8-30, SEQ ID NO:), (hGIP7-30, SEQ ID NO:), and (hGIP6-30, SEQ ID NO:), wherein said peptide is modified by attaching at least one fatty acid molecule at one or more amino acid residues at positions 10 to 29 of any one SEQ ID NO: (hGIP10-30), (hGIP9-30, SEQ ID NO:), (hGIP8-30, SEQ ID NO:), (hGIP7-30, SEQ ID NO:), and (hGIP6-30, SEQ ID NO:), or a functional variant thereof comprising between 1 and 4 individual amino acid substitutions, with or without a linker, for use in a method of inhibiting or reducing one or more of i) GIP-induced glucagon secretion, ii) GIP-induced insulin secretion, iii) GIP-induced somatostatin secretion, iv) GIP-induced glucose uptake, v) GIP-induced fatty acid synthesis and/or fatty acid incorporation, vi) high or increased expression or activity of a GIPR, vii) post-prandial GIP release, viii) serum levels of free fatty acids and/or triglycerides, ix) GIP-induced appetite increases, x) GIP-induced reduction in energy expenditure, xi) GIP-induced increase in absorption of nutrients from the gut, xii) GIP-induced decrease in GLP-1's appetite suppressive effect, xiii) GIP-induced leptin resistance.

In one embodiment there is provided a GIP analogue having an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP10-30):

10  11  12  13  14  15  16  17  18  19  20  21  Y - S - I - A - M - D - K - I - H - Q - Q - D - 22  23  24  25  26  27  28  29  30 F - V   N - W - L - L - A - Q - K wherein said peptide optionally further comprises: the peptide D at the N-terminus (hGIP9-30, SEQ ID NO:), the dipeptide S-D at the N-terminus (hGIP8-30, SEQ ID NO:), the tripeptide I-S-D at the N-terminus (hGIP7-30, SEQ ID NO:), the tetrapeptide F-I-S-D at the N-terminus (hGIP6-30, SEQ ID NO:), or a functional variant thereof, wherein said variant has 1 to 4 individual amino acid substitutions at any amino acid residue of any one of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP10-30), (hGIP9-30, SEQ ID NO:), (hGIP8-30, SEQ ID NO:), (hGIP7-30, SEQ ID NO:), and (hGIP6-30, SEQ ID NO:), wherein said peptide is modified by attaching at least one fatty acid molecule at one or more amino acid residues at positions 10 to 29 of any one SEQ ID NO: (hGIP10-30), (hGIP9-30, SEQ ID NO:), (hGIP8-30, SEQ ID NO:), (hGIP7-30, SEQ ID NO:), and (hGIP6-30, SEQ ID NO:), or a functional variant thereof comprising between 1 and 4 individual amino acid substitutions, with or without a linker, for use for use in a method of treating a condition selected from the group consisting of metabolic syndrome, obesity, over-weight, an obesity-related disorder, pre-diabetes (impaired fasting glucose), diabetes mellitus (type I and type 2), a diabetes-related disorder, insulin resistance, elevated fasting glucose (hyperglycemia), elevated fasting serum triglyceride level (VLDL triglyceride), low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels, a fatty acid metabolism disorder, a cardiovascular disease, elevated blood pressure and atherosclerosis.

In one embodiment there is provided a GIP analogue having an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP10-30):

10  11  12  13  14  15  16  17  18  19  20  21  Y - S - I - A - M - D - K - I - H - Q - Q - D - 22  23  24  25  26  27  28  29  30 F - V   N - W - L - L - A - Q - K wherein said peptide optionally further comprises: the peptide D at the N-terminus (hGIP9-30, SEQ ID NO:), the dipeptide S-D at the N-terminus (hGIP8-30, SEQ ID NO:), the tripeptide I-S-D at the N-terminus (hGIP7-30, SEQ ID NO:), the tetrapeptide F-I-S-D at the N-terminus (hGIP6-30, SEQ ID NO:), or a functional variant thereof, wherein said variant has 1 to 4 individual amino acid substitutions at any amino acid residue of any one of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP10-30), (hGIP9-30, SEQ ID NO:), (hGIP8-30, SEQ ID NO:), (hGIP7-30, SEQ ID NO:), and (hGIP6-30, SEQ ID NO:), wherein said peptide is modified by attaching at least one fatty acid molecule at one or more amino acid residues at positions 10 to 29 of any one SEQ ID NO: (hGIP10-30), (hGIP9-30, SEQ ID NO:), (hGIP8-30, SEQ ID NO:), (hGIP7-30, SEQ ID NO:), and (hGIP6-30, SEQ ID NO:), or a functional variant thereof comprising between 1 and 4 individual amino acid substitutions, with or without a linker, for use in a method of inducing weight-loss.

In one embodiment there is provided a GIP analogue having an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP10-30):

10  11  12  13  14  15  16  17  18  19  20  21  Y - S - I - A - M - D - K - I - H - Q - Q - D - 22  23  24  25  26  27  28  29  30 F - V   N - W - L - L - A - Q - K wherein said peptide optionally further comprises: the peptide D at the N-terminus (hGIP9-30, SEQ ID NO:), the dipeptide S-D at the N-terminus (hGIP8-30, SEQ ID NO:), the tripeptide I-S-D at the N-terminus (hGIP7-30, SEQ ID NO:), the tetrapeptide F-I-S-D at the N-terminus (hGIP6-30, SEQ ID NO:), or a functional variant thereof, wherein said variant has 1 to 4 individual amino acid substitutions at any amino acid residue of any one of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP10-30), (hGIP9-30, SEQ ID NO:), (hGIP8-30, SEQ ID NO:), (hGIP7-30, SEQ ID NO:), and (hGIP6-30, SEQ ID NO:), wherein said peptide is modified by attaching at least one fatty acid molecule at one or more amino acid residues at positions 10 to 29 of any one SEQ ID NO: (hGIP10-30), (hGIP9-30, SEQ ID NO:), (hGIP8-30, SEQ ID NO:), (hGIP7-30, SEQ ID NO:), and (hGIP6-30, SEQ ID NO:), or a functional variant thereof comprising between 1 and 4 individual amino acid substitutions, with or without a linker, for use in the manufacture of a medicament for

-   -   treating a condition selected from the group consisting of         metabolic syndrome, obesity, over-weight, an obesity-related         disorder, pre-diabetes, type I diabetes, type 2 diabetes, a         diabetes-related disorder, insulin resistance, elevated fasting         glucose, hyperglycemia, elevated fasting serum triglyceride         levels, low levels of very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), low         high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels, dyslipidemia,         increased/decreased low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high         cholesterol levels, abnormal deposition of lipids, a         cardiovascular disease, elevated blood pressure and         atherosclerosis, or     -   inducing weight-loss, or     -   treating cancer, including but not limited to colon cancer, a         neuroendocrine cancer and adrenal adenoma, or     -   treating a bone density disorder, including but not limited to         osteoporosis, disorders characterized by low bone density and/or         reduced bone volume, disorders characterized by high bone         density and/or increased bone volume and osteoporosis.

In one embodiment there is provided a GIP analogue having an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [H18X₂, K30X₃]):

3   4   5   6   7   8   9  10  11  12  13  14   E - G - T - F - I - S - D - Y - S - I - A - M - 15  16  17  18  19  20  21  22  23  24  25  26   D - K - I  X ₂  - Q - Q - D - F - V - N - W - L -  27  28  29  30  L - A - Q - X ₃ wherein said amino acid X₂ may be selected from a group consisting of K and Orn, wherein said amino acid X₃ may be selected from a group consisting of R and E, or a functional variant thereof having 1 to 4 individual amino acid substitutions at any one of positions 4 to 30 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [H18X₂, K30X₃]), wherein said peptide is modified by attaching at least one fatty acid molecule at the amino acid at position 18 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [H18X₂, K30X₃]), or a functional variant thereof, with or without linker, for use as a medicament.

In one embodiment there is provided a GIP analogue having an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [H18X₂, K30X₃]):

3   4   5   6   7   8   9  10  11  12  13  14  E - G - T - F - I - S - D - Y - S - I - A - M - 15  16  17  18  19  20  21  22  23  24  25  26   D - K - I  X ₂  - Q - Q - D - F - V - N - W - L - 27  28  29  30  L - A - Q - X ₃ wherein said amino acid X₂ may be selected from a group consisting of K and Orn, wherein said amino acid X₃ may be selected from a group consisting of R and E, or a functional variant thereof having 1 to 4 individual amino acid substitutions at any one of positions 4 to 30 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [H18X₂, K30X₃]), wherein said peptide is modified by attaching at least one fatty acid molecule at the amino acid at position 18 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [H18X₂, K30X₃]), or a functional variant thereof, with or without linker, for use in a method of inhibiting or reducing one or more of i) GIP-induced glucagon secretion, ii) GIP-induced insulin secretion, iii) GIP-induced somatostatin secretion, iv) GIP-induced glucose uptake, v) GIP-induced fatty acid synthesis and/or fatty acid incorporation, vi) high or increased expression or activity of a GIPR, vii) post-prandial GIP release, viii) serum levels of free fatty acids and/or triglycerides, ix) GIP-induced appetite increases, x) GIP-induced reduction in energy expenditure, xi) GIP-induced increase in absorption of nutrients from the gut, xii) GIP-induced decrease in GLP-1's appetite suppressive effect, xiii) GIP-induced leptin resistance.

In one embodiment there is provided a GIP analogue having an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [H18X₂, K30X₃]):

3   4   5   6   7   8   9  10  11  12  13  14  E - G - T - F - I - S - D - Y - S - I - A - M - 15  16  17  18  19  20  21  22  23  24  25  26   D - K - I  X ₂  - Q - Q - D - F - V - N - W - L - 27  28  29  30  L - A - Q - X ₃ wherein said amino acid X₂ may be selected from a group consisting of K and Orn, wherein said amino acid X₃ may be selected from a group consisting of R and E, or a functional variant thereof having 1 to 4 individual amino acid substitutions at any one of positions 4 to 30 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [H18X₂, K30X₃]), wherein said peptide is modified by attaching at least one fatty acid molecule at the amino acid at position 18 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [H18X₂, K30X₃]), or a functional variant thereof, with or without linker, for use for use in a method of treating a condition selected from the group consisting of metabolic syndrome, obesity, over-weight, an obesity-related disorder, pre-diabetes (impaired fasting glucose), diabetes mellitus (type I and type 2), a diabetes-related disorder, insulin resistance, elevated fasting glucose (hyperglycemia), elevated fasting serum triglyceride level (VLDL triglyceride), low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels, a fatty acid metabolism disorder, a cardiovascular disease, elevated blood pressure and atherosclerosis.

In one embodiment there is provided a GIP analogue having an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [H18X₂, K30X₃]):

3   4   5   6   7   8   9  10  11  12  13  14  E - G - T - F - I - S - D - Y - S - I - A - M - 15  16  17  18  19  20  21  22  23  24  25  26   D - K - I  X ₂  - Q - Q - D - F - V - N - W - L - 27  28  29  30  L - A - Q - X ₃ wherein said amino acid X₂ may be selected from a group consisting of K and Orn, wherein said amino acid X₃ may be selected from a group consisting of R and E, or a functional variant thereof having 1 to 4 individual amino acid substitutions at any one of positions 4 to 30 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [H18X₂, K30X₃]), wherein said peptide is modified by attaching at least one fatty acid molecule at the amino acid at position 18 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [H18X₂, K30X₃]), or a functional variant thereof, with or without linker, for use in a method of inducing weight-loss.

In one embodiment there is provided a GIP analogue having an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [H18X₂, K30X₃]):

3   4   5   6   7   8   9  10  11  12  13  14  E - G - T - F - I - S - D - Y - S - I - A - M -  15  16  17  18  19  20  21  22  23  24  25  26   D - K - I  X ₂  - Q - Q - D - F - V - N - W - L - 27  28  29  30  L - A - Q - X ₃ wherein said amino acid X₂ may be selected from a group consisting of K and Orn, wherein said amino acid X₃ may be selected from a group consisting of R and E, or a functional variant thereof having 1 to 4 individual amino acid substitutions at any one of positions 4 to 30 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [H18X₂, K30X₃]), wherein said peptide is modified by attaching at least one fatty acid molecule at the amino acid at position 18 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [H18X₂, K30X₃]), or a functional variant thereof, with or without linker, for use in the manufacture of a medicament for

-   -   treating a condition selected from the group consisting of         metabolic syndrome, obesity, over-weight, an obesity-related         disorder, pre-diabetes, type I diabetes, type 2 diabetes, a         diabetes-related disorder, insulin resistance, elevated fasting         glucose, hyperglycemia, elevated fasting serum triglyceride         levels, low levels of very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), low         high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels, dyslipidemia,         increased/decreased low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high         cholesterol levels, abnormal deposition of lipids, a         cardiovascular disease, elevated blood pressure and         atherosclerosis, or     -   inducing weight-loss, or     -   treating cancer, including but not limited to colon cancer, a         neuroendocrine cancer and adrenal adenoma, or     -   treating a bone density disorder, including but not limited to         osteoporosis, disorders characterized by low bone density and/or         reduced bone volume, disorders characterized by high bone         density and/or increased bone volume and osteoporosis.

In one embodiment there is provided a GIP analogue having an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [D9E, D15E, H18X₂, D21E, N24Q]):

3   4   5   6   7   8   9  10  11  12  13  14  E - G - T - F - I - S - E - Y - S - I - A - M - 15  16  17  18  19  20  21  22  23  24  25  26   E - K - I  X ₂  - Q - Q - E - F - V - Q - W - L - 27  28  29  30  L - A - Q - K wherein said amino acid X₂ may be selected from a group consisting of K and Orn, or a functional variant thereof having 1 to 4 individual amino acid substitutions at any one of positions 4 to 30 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [D9E, D15E, H18X₂, D21E, N24Q]), wherein said peptide is modified by attaching at least one fatty acid molecule at the amino acid at position 18 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [D9E, D15E, H18X₂, D21E, N24Q]), or a functional variant thereof, with or without linker, for use as a medicament.

In one embodiment there is provided a GIP analogue having an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [D9E, D15E, H18X₂, D21E, N24Q]):

3   4   5   6   7   8   9  10  11  12  13  14  E - G - T - F - I - S - E - Y - S - I - A - M - 15  16  17  18  19  20  21  22  23  24  25  26   E - K - I  X ₂  - Q - Q - E - F - V - Q - W - L - 27  28  29  30  L - A - Q - K wherein said amino acid X₂ may be selected from a group consisting of K and Orn, or a functional variant thereof having 1 to 4 individual amino acid substitutions at any one of positions 4 to 30 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [D9E, D15E, H18X₂, D21E, N24Q]), wherein said peptide is modified by attaching at least one fatty acid molecule at the amino acid at position 18 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [D9E, D15E, H18X₂, D21E, N24Q]), or a functional variant thereof, with or without linker, for use in a method of inhibiting or reducing one or more of i) GIP-induced glucagon secretion, ii) GIP-induced insulin secretion, iii) GIP-induced somatostatin secretion, iv) GIP-induced glucose uptake, v) GIP-induced fatty acid synthesis and/or fatty acid incorporation, vi) high or increased expression or activity of a GIPR, vii) post-prandial GIP release, viii) serum levels of free fatty acids and/or triglycerides, ix) GIP-induced appetite increases, x) GIP-induced reduction in energy expenditure, xi) GIP-induced increase in absorption of nutrients from the gut, xii) GIP-induced decrease in GLP-1's appetite suppressive effect, xiii) GIP-induced leptin resistance.

In one embodiment there is provided a GIP analogue having an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [D9E, D15E, H18X₂, D21E, N24Q]):

3   4   5   6   7   8   9  10  11  12  13  14   E - G - T - F - I - S - E - Y - S - I - A - M - 15  16  17    E - K - I   18  19  20  21  22  23  24  25  26  27  28  29  30   X ₂  - Q - Q - E - F - V - Q - W - L - L - A - Q - K   wherein said amino acid X₂ may be selected from a group consisting of K and Orn, or a functional variant thereof having 1 to 4 individual amino acid substitutions at any one of positions 4 to 30 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [D9E, D15E, H18X₂, D21E, N24Q]), wherein said peptide is modified by attaching at least one fatty acid molecule at the amino acid at position 18 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [D9E, D15E, H18X₂, D21E, N24Q]), or a functional variant thereof, with or without linker, for use for use in a method of treating a condition selected from the group consisting of metabolic syndrome, obesity, over-weight, an obesity-related disorder, pre-diabetes (impaired fasting glucose), diabetes mellitus (type I and type 2), a diabetes-related disorder, insulin resistance, elevated fasting glucose (hyperglycemia), elevated fasting serum triglyceride level (VLDL triglyceride), low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels, a fatty acid metabolism disorder, a cardiovascular disease, elevated blood pressure and atherosclerosis.

In one embodiment there is provided a GIP analogue having an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [D9E, D15E, H18X₂, D21E, N24Q]):

3   4   5   6   7   8   9  10  11  12  13  14   E - G - T - F - I - S - E - Y - S - I - A - M - 15  16  17    E - K - I   18  19  20  21  22  23  24  25  26  27  28  29  30   X ₂  - Q - Q - E - F - V - Q - W - L - L - A - Q - K   wherein said amino acid X₂ may be selected from a group consisting of K and Orn, or a functional variant thereof having 1 to 4 individual amino acid substitutions at any one of positions 4 to 30 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [D9E, D15E, H18X₂, D21E, N24Q]), wherein said peptide is modified by attaching at least one fatty acid molecule at the amino acid at position 18 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [D9E, D15E, H18X₂, D21E, N24Q]), or a functional variant thereof, with or without linker, for use in a method of inducing weight-loss.

In one embodiment there is provided a GIP analogue having an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [D9E, D15E, H18X₂, D21E, N24Q]):

3   4   5   6   7   8   9  10  11  12  13  14   E - G - T - F - I - S - E - Y - S - I - A - M - 15  16  17    E - K - I   18  19  20  21  22  23  24  25  26  27  28  29  30   X ₂  - Q - Q - E - F - V - Q - W - L - L - A - Q - K   wherein said amino acid X₂ may be selected from a group consisting of K and Orn, or a functional variant thereof having 1 to 4 individual amino acid substitutions at any one of positions 4 to 30 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [D9E, D15E, H18X₂, D21E, N24Q]), wherein said peptide is modified by attaching at least one fatty acid molecule at the amino acid at position 18 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [D9E, D15E, H18X₂, D21E, N24Q]), or a functional variant thereof, with or without linker, for use in the manufacture of a medicament for

-   -   treating a condition selected from the group consisting of         metabolic syndrome, obesity, over-weight, an obesity-related         disorder, pre-diabetes, type I diabetes, type 2 diabetes, a         diabetes-related disorder, insulin resistance, elevated fasting         glucose, hyperglycemia, elevated fasting serum triglyceride         levels, low levels of very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), low         high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels, dyslipidemia,         increased/decreased low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high         cholesterol levels, abnormal deposition of lipids, a         cardiovascular disease, elevated blood pressure and         atherosclerosis, or     -   inducing weight-loss, or     -   treating cancer, including but not limited to colon cancer, a         neuroendocrine cancer and adrenal adenoma, or     -   treating a bone density disorder, including but not limited to         osteoporosis, disorders characterized by low bone density and/or         reduced bone volume, disorders characterized by high bone         density and/or increased bone volume and osteoporosis.

In one embodiment there is provided a GIP analogue having an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [T5A, S11A, I12A, H18X₂, N24A]):

3   4   5   6   7   8   9  10  11  12  13  14   E - G - A - F - I - S - E - Y - A - A - A - M - 15  16  17    E - K - I   18  19  20  21  22  23  24  25  26  27  28  29  30   X ₂  - Q - Q - E - F - V - A - W - L - L - A - Q - K   wherein said amino acid X₂ may be selected from a group consisting of K and Orn, or a functional variant thereof having 1 to 4 individual amino acid substitutions at any one of positions 4 to 30 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [T5A, 511A, I12A, H18X₂, N24A]), wherein said peptide is modified by attaching at least one fatty acid molecule at the amino acid at position 18 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [T5A, S11A, I12A, H18X₂, N24A]), or a functional variant thereof, with or without linker, for use as a medicament.

In one embodiment there is provided a GIP analogue having an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [T5A, S11A, I12A, H18X₂, N24A]):

3   4   5   6   7   8   9  10  11  12  13  14   E - G - A - F - I - S - E - Y - A - A - A - M - 15  16  17    E - K - I   18  19  20  21  22  23  24  25  26  27  28  29  30   X ₂  - Q - Q - E - F - V - A - W - L - L - A - Q - K   wherein said amino acid X₂ may be selected from a group consisting of K and Orn, or a functional variant thereof having 1 to 4 individual amino acid substitutions at any one of positions 4 to 30 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [T5A, S11A, I12A, H18X₂, N24A]), wherein said peptide is modified by attaching at least one fatty acid molecule at the amino acid at position 18 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [T5A, S11A, I12A, H18X₂, N24A]), or a functional variant thereof, with or without linker, for use in a method of inhibiting or reducing one or more of i) GIP-induced glucagon secretion, ii) GIP-induced insulin secretion, iii) GIP-induced somatostatin secretion, iv) GIP-induced glucose uptake, v) GIP-induced fatty acid synthesis and/or fatty acid incorporation, vi) high or increased expression or activity of a GIPR, vii) post-prandial GIP release, viii) serum levels of free fatty acids and/or triglycerides, ix) GIP-induced appetite increases, x) GIP-induced reduction in energy expenditure, xi) GIP-induced increase in absorption of nutrients from the gut, xii) GIP-induced decrease in GLP-1's appetite suppressive effect, xiii) GIP-induced leptin resistance.

In one embodiment there is provided a GIP analogue having an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [T5A, S11A, I12A, H18X₂, N24A]):

3   4   5   6   7   8   9  10  11  12  13  14   E - G - A - F - I - S - E - Y - A - A - A - M - 15  16  17    E - K - I   18  19  20  21  22  23  24  25  26  27  28  29  30   X ₂  - Q - Q - E - F - V - A - W - L - L - A - Q - K   wherein said amino acid X₂ may be selected from a group consisting of K and Orn, or a functional variant thereof having 1 to 4 individual amino acid substitutions at any one of positions 4 to 30 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [T5A, S11A, I12A, H18X₂, N24A]), wherein said peptide is modified by attaching at least one fatty acid molecule at the amino acid at position 18 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [T5A, S11A, I12A, H18X₂, N24A]), or a functional variant thereof, with or without linker, for use for use in a method of treating a condition selected from the group consisting of metabolic syndrome, obesity, over-weight, an obesity-related disorder, pre-diabetes (impaired fasting glucose), diabetes mellitus (type I and type 2), a diabetes-related disorder, insulin resistance, elevated fasting glucose (hyperglycemia), elevated fasting serum triglyceride level (VLDL triglyceride), low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels, a fatty acid metabolism disorder, a cardiovascular disease, elevated blood pressure and atherosclerosis.

In one embodiment there is provided a GIP analogue having an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [T5A, S11A, I12A, H18X₂, N24A]):

3   4   5   6   7   8   9  10  11  12  13  14   E - G - A - F - I - S - E - Y - A - A - A - M - 15  16  17    E - K - I   18  19  20  21  22  23  24  25  26  27  28  29  30   X ₂  - Q - Q - E - F - V - A - W - L - L - A - Q - K   wherein said amino acid X₂ may be selected from a group consisting of K and Orn, or a functional variant thereof having 1 to 4 individual amino acid substitutions at any one of positions 4 to 30 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [T5A, S11A, I12A, H18X₂, N24A]), wherein said peptide is modified by attaching at least one fatty acid molecule at the amino acid at position 18 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [T5A, S11A, I12A, H18X₂, N24A]), or a functional variant thereof, with or without linker, for use in a method of inducing weight-loss.

In one embodiment there is provided a GIP analogue having an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [T5A, S11A, I12A, H18X₂, N24A]):

3   4   5   6   7   8   9  10  11  12  13  14   E - G - A - F - I - S - E - Y - A - A - A - M -  15  16  17    E - K - I   18  19  20  21  22  23  24  25  26  27  28  29  30   X ₂  - Q - Q - E - F - V - A - W - L - L - A - Q - K   wherein said amino acid X₂ may be selected from a group consisting of K and Orn, or a functional variant thereof having 1 to 4 individual amino acid substitutions at any one of positions 4 to 30 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [T5A, S11A, I12A, H18X₂, N24A]), wherein said peptide is modified by attaching at least one fatty acid molecule at the amino acid at position 18 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [T5A, S11A, I12A, H18X₂, N24A]), or a functional variant thereof, with or without linker, for use in the manufacture of a medicament for

-   -   treating a condition selected from the group consisting of         metabolic syndrome, obesity, over-weight, an obesity-related         disorder, pre-diabetes, type I diabetes, type 2 diabetes, a         diabetes-related disorder, insulin resistance, elevated fasting         glucose, hyperglycemia, elevated fasting serum triglyceride         levels, low levels of very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), low         high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels, dyslipidemia,         increased/decreased low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high         cholesterol levels, abnormal deposition of lipids, a         cardiovascular disease, elevated blood pressure and         atherosclerosis, or     -   inducing weight-loss, or     -   treating cancer, including but not limited to colon cancer, a         neuroendocrine cancer and adrenal adenoma, or     -   treating a bone density disorder, including but not limited to         osteoporosis, disorders characterized by low bone density and/or         reduced bone volume, disorders characterized by high bone         density and/or increased bone volume and osteoporosis.

In one particular embodiment there is provided a GIP peptide analogue as defined herein for use in a method of treating obesity.

In one particular embodiment there is provided a GIP peptide analogue as defined herein for use in a method of treating diabetes mellitus, including diabetes mellitus type I and type II.

In one particular embodiment there is provided a GIP peptide analogue as defined herein for use in a method of treating insulin resistance.

It is a further aspect to provide a GIP peptide analogue as defined herein for use in a method of treating cancer.

In one embodiment the cancer is selected from the group consisting of colon cancer, a neuroendocrine cancer and adrenal adenoma.

It is a further aspect to provide a GIP peptide analogue as defined herein for use in a method of treating a bone density disorder (or a bone volume disorder).

In one embodiment there is provided a GIP peptide analogue as defined herein for use in a method of inhibiting activity of bone cells. In one embodiment there is provided a peptide as defined herein for use in a method of inhibiting (or antagonizing) GIP-induced postprandial reduction in bone resorption. In one embodiment there is provided a peptide as defined herein for use in a method of treating bone cancer.

In one embodiment, the bone density (or volume) disorder is selected from the group consisting of osteoporosis, disorders characterized by low bone density and/or reduced bone volume, disorders characterized by high bone density and/or increased bone volume and osteoporosis.

It is a further aspect to provide a GIP peptide analogue as defined herein for use in a method of characterizing or examining aspects of a disorder, and/or characterizing or examining aspects of the human physiology associated with a disorder, wherein said disorder in one embodiment is selected from metabolic disorder or syndrome, such as obesity, diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance or fatty acid metabolism disorder. In other aspects the invention relates to methods of treating cancer, such as colon cancer or adrenal adenoma. In other aspects the invention relates to methods of treating a bone density disorder characterized by high bone density and/or increased bone volume or osteoporosis. In other aspects the invention relates to methods of treating atherosclerosis.

Also provided is a method for treating metabolic syndrome such as obesity, over-weight, diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance or fatty acid metabolism disorder; a cancer such as colon cancer or adrenal adenoma; a bone density disorder, such as bone density disorders characterized by high bone density and/or increased bone volume; or atherosclerosis; said method comprising the step of administering to an individual in need thereof an effective amount of a peptide as defined herein.

An individual in need as referred to herein, is an individual that may benefit from the administration of a peptide or pharmaceutical composition according to the present disclosure. Such an individual may suffer from a metabolic disorder such as obesity, over-weight, diabetes, insulin resistance or fatty acid metabolism disorder, a cancer such as colon cancer or adrenal adenoma, a bone density disorder, or be in risk of suffering therefrom. The individual may be any human being, male or female, infant, middle-aged or old. The disorder to be treated or prevented in the individual may relate to the age of the individual, the general health of the individual, the medications used for treating the individual and whether or not the individual has a prior history of suffering from diseases or disorders that may have or have induced a metabolic disorder such as obesity, over-weight, diabetes, insulin resistance or fatty acid metabolism disorder, a cancer such as colon cancer or adrenal adenoma, atherosclerosis, a bone density disorder. In some embodiments, the disorder to be treated is linked to GIP-induced glucagon secretion, GIP-induced insulin secretion, to GIP-induced somatostatin secretion, to GIP-induced glucose uptake, to GIP-induced fatty acid synthesis and/or fatty acid incorporation, to high expression and/or activity of a GIPR, to release of GIP following a meal; wherein the term “high” is to be construed as referring to levels greater than the corresponding levels observed in individuals not in need of treatment.

Method of Preparation (Peptide)

The peptides according to the present disclosure may be prepared by any methods known in the art. Thus, the GIP-derived peptides may be prepared by standard peptide-preparation techniques such as solution synthesis or Merrifield-type solid phase synthesis.

In one embodiment, a peptide as defined herein is a non-naturally occurring peptide; being derived from naturally occurring protein native GIP, such as GIP1-42.

In one embodiment a peptide according to the present disclosure is purified from a naturally occurring source thereof, such as serum. Protein purification is a series of processes intended to isolate a single type of protein from a complex mixture. The starting material is usually a biological tissue. The various steps in the purification process may free the protein from a matrix that confines it, separate the protein and non-protein parts of the mixture, and finally separate the desired protein from all other proteins. Separation steps may exploit differences in (for example) protein size, physico-chemical properties, binding affinity and biological activity.

In one embodiment a peptide according to the disclosure is synthetically made or produced.

The methods for synthetic production of peptides are well known in the art. Detailed descriptions as well as practical advice for producing synthetic peptides may be found in Synthetic Peptides: A User's Guide (Advances in Molecular Biology), Grant G. A. ed., Oxford University Press, 2002, or in: Pharmaceutical Formulation: Development of Peptides and Proteins, Frokjaer and Hovgaard eds., Taylor and Francis, 1999.

In one embodiment the peptide or peptide sequences of the invention are produced synthetically, in particular, by the Sequence Assisted Peptide Synthesis (SAPS) method, by solution synthesis, by Solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) such as Merrifield-type solid phase synthesis, by recombinant techniques (production by host cells comprising a first nucleic acid sequence encoding the peptide operably associated with a second nucleic acid capable of directing expression in said host cells) or enzymatic synthesis. These are well-known to the skilled person.

Peptides may be synthesised either batch-wise on a fully automated peptide synthesiser using 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc) or tert-Butyloxycarbonyl (Boc) as N-a-amino protecting group and suitable common protection groups for side-chain functionalities.

After purification such as by reversed phase HPLC, peptides may be further processed to obtain for example cyclic or C- or N-terminal modified isoforms. The methods for cyclization and terminal modification are well-known in the art.

Peptides according to the invention may be synthesized as monomers or multimers such as dimers or tetramers.

Pharmaceutical Composition and Formulation

Whilst it is possible for the bioactive agent of the present disclosure to be administered as the raw chemical (peptide), it is sometimes preferred to present them in the form of a pharmaceutical formulation. Such a pharmaceutical formulation may be referred to as a pharmaceutical composition, pharmaceutically acceptable composition or pharmaceutically safe composition.

Accordingly, further provided is a pharmaceutical formulation, which comprises a bioactive agent of the present invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient and/or diluent. The pharmaceutical formulations may be prepared by conventional techniques, e.g. as described in Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy 2005, Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins.

Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the instant peptide compounds, where they can be prepared, are also intended to be covered by this invention. These salts will be ones which are acceptable in their application to a pharmaceutical use. By that it is meant that the salt will retain the biological activity of the parent compound and the salt will not have untoward or deleterious effects in its application and use in treating diseases.

Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are prepared in a standard manner. If the parent compound is a base it is treated with an excess of an organic or inorganic acid in a suitable solvent. If the parent compound is an acid, it is treated with an inorganic or organic base in a suitable solvent.

The peptide compounds as disclosed herein may be administered in the form of an alkali metal or earth alkali metal salt thereof, concurrently, simultaneously, or together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent, especially and preferably in the form of a pharmaceutical composition thereof, whether by oral, rectal, or parenteral (including subcutaneous) route, in an effective amount.

Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts for use in the present inventive pharmaceutical composition include those derived from mineral acids, such as hydrochloric, hydrobromic, phosphoric, metaphosphoric, nitric and sulfuric acids, and organic acids, such as tartaric, acetic, citric, malic, lactic, fumaric, benzoic, glycolic, gluconic, succinic, p-toluenesulphonic acids, and arylsulphonic, for example.

In a particular embodiment, the peptide according to the disclosure is formulated as an acetate salt, a HCl (hydrochloride) salt or TFA (trifluoroacetate) salt.

Administration and Dosage

According to the present disclosure, a peptide, or a composition comprising a peptide as defined herein is administered to individuals in need of treatment in pharmaceutically effective doses or a therapeutically effective amount. The dosage requirements will vary with the particular drug composition employed, the route of administration and the particular subject being treated, which depend on the severity and the sort of the disorder as well as on the weight and general state of the subject. It will also be recognized by one skilled in the art that the optimal quantity and spacing of individual dosages of a peptide compound will be determined by the nature and extent of the condition being treated, the form, route and site of administration, and the particular patient being treated, and that such optima can be determined by conventional techniques. It will also be appreciated by one of skill in the art that the optimal course of treatment, i.e., the number of doses of a compound given per day for a defined number of days, can be ascertained using conventional course of treatment determination tests.

In one embodiment the bioactive agent is administered at least once daily, such as once daily, such as twice daily, such as thrice daily, such as four times daily, such as five times daily.

A dose may also be administered in intermittent intervals, or intervals, whereby a dose is not administered every day. Rather one or more doses may be administered every second day, every third day, every fourth day, every fifth day, every sixth day, every week, every second week, every third week, every fourth week, every fifth week, every sixth week, or intervals within those ranges (such as every 2 to 4 weeks, or 4 to 6 weeks).

In one embodiment, a dose is administered once every week, such as once weekly, such as in one dose per week.

Routes of Administration

It will be appreciated that the preferred route of administration will depend on the general condition and age of the subject to be treated, the nature of the condition to be treated, the location of the tissue to be treated in the body and the active ingredient chosen.

Systemic Treatment

For systemic treatment according to the present disclosure the route of administration is capable of introducing the bioactive agent into the blood stream to ultimately target the sites of desired action.

Such routes of administration are any suitable routes, such as an enteral route (including the oral, rectal, nasal, pulmonary, buccal, sublingual, transdermal, intracisternal and intraperitoneal administration), and/or a parenteral route (including subcutaneous, intramuscular, intrathecal, intracerebral, intravenous and intradermal administration).

Parenteral Administration

Parenteral administration is any administration route not being the oral/enteral route whereby the medicament avoids first-pass degradation in the liver. Accordingly, parenteral administration includes any injections and infusions, for example bolus injection or continuous infusion, such as intravenous administration, intramuscular administration or subcutaneous administration. Furthermore, parenteral administration includes inhalations and topical administration.

Accordingly, the bioactive agent may be administered topically to cross any mucosal membrane of an animal to which the biologically active substance is to be given, e.g. in the nose, vagina, eye, mouth, genital tract, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, or rectum, preferably the mucosa of the nose, or mouth, and accordingly, parenteral administration may also include buccal, sublingual, nasal, rectal, vaginal and intraperitoneal administration as well as pulmonal and bronchial administration by inhalation or installation. Also, the agent may be administered topically to cross the skin.

Local Treatment

The bioactive agent according to the invention may in one embodiment be used as a local treatment, i.e. be introduced directly to the site(s) of action. Accordingly, the bioactive agent may be applied to the skin or mucosa directly, or the bioactive agent may be injected into the site of action, for example into the diseased tissue or to an end artery leading directly to the diseased tissue. These administration forms preferably avoid the blood brain barrier.

Kit-of-Parts

The present disclosure also relates to a kit-of-parts comprising one or more of the bioactive agents described above and at least one additional or further component, such as one or more second active ingredients.

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J Clin Invest 1996; 98(11):2440-2445. -   35. Irwin N, Green B D, Parker J C, Gault V A, O'Harte FPM, Flatt     P R. Biological activity and antidiabetic potential of synthetic     fragment peptides of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide,     GIP(1-16) and (Pro3)GIP(1-16). Regulatory Peptides 2006; 135(1G     ô2):45-53. -   36. Kerr B D, Flatt A J S, Flatt P R, Gault V A. Characterization     and biological actions of N-terminal truncated forms of     glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide. Biochemical and     Biophysical Research Communications 2011; 404(3):870-876. -   37. Gelling R W, Coy D H, Pederson R A et al. GIP(6-30amide)     contains the high affinity binding region of GIP and is a potent     inhibitor of GIP1-42 action in vitro. Regulatory Peptides 1997;     69(3):151-154. -   38. Deacon C F P. GIP-(3-42) does not antagonize insulinotropic     effects of GIP at physiological concentrations. American Journal of     Physiology—Endocrinology and Metabolism 2006; 291(3):E468-E475. -   39. Gault V A, O'Harte FPM, Harriott P, Flatt P R. Characterization     of the Cellular and Metabolic Effects of a Novel Enzyme-Resistant     Antagonist of Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide.     Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 2002;     290(5):1420-1426. -   40. Ravn P, Madhurantakam C, Kunze S et al. Structural and     Pharmacological Characterization of Novel Potent and Selective     Monoclonal Antibody Antagonists of Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic     Polypeptide Receptor. Journal of Biological Chemistry 2013;     288(27):19760-19772. -   41. Deacon C F, Plamboeck A, Rosenkilde M M, de Heer J, Holst J J.     GIP-(3-42) does not antagonize insulinotropic effects of GIP at     physiological concentrations. American Journal of     Physiology—Endocrinology and Metabolism 2006; 291(3):E468-E475. -   42. 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Examples

The present examples support the following conclusions:

-   1) Individual amino acid substitutions at certain sites result in     improved antagonistic profile -   2) Several acylation sites show great potential on both GIP(3-30)NH₂     and GIP(5-30)NH₂ -   3) Addition of linkers (molecules linking the fatty acids to the     peptides) may improve the antagonistic profile

Materials and Methods

The generation and action of GIP(3-30) and GIP(5-30) peptides per se is disclosed in WO 2016/034186.

Materials

Human GIP(1-42) was purchased from Bachem, Bubendorf, Switzerland (H5645) while the remaining ligands were synthesized by Casio™, Lyngby, Denmark and Almac Group, Craigavon, United Kingdom, Peptides & Elephants GmbH, Henningsdorf, Germany, and WuXi AppTec, China. cDNA of the human GIP receptor was purchased from Origene, Rockville, Md., USA (SC110906) and cloned into a pCMV-Script vector. Iodinated human GIP(1-42) was purchased from PerkinElmer Life Sciences, Skovlunde, Denmark (NEX402025UC).

Animals

Göttingen mini-pigs or Male Wistar rats were housed in the animal facility at the Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences.

Transfections and Tissue Culture

COS-7 cells were cultured at 10% CO2 and 37° C. in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium 1885 supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 2 mM glutamine, 180 units/ml penicillin, and 45 g/ml streptomycin. Transient transfection of the COS-7 cells for cAMP accumulation and competition binding was performed using the calcium phosphate precipitation method with the addition of chloroquine⁴⁶⁻⁴⁷.

cAMP Assay

Alternative 1 (Also Referred to as DiscoveRx Assay):

Transient transfected COS-7 cells expressing the human GIP receptor were seeded in white 96-well plates with a density of 3.5*10⁴/well. The day after, the cells were washed twice with Hepes buffered saline (HBS) buffer and incubated with HBS and 1 mM 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX) for 30 min at 37° C. To test for agonistic properties, ligands were added and incubated for 30 min at 37° C. In order to test for antagonistic properties, the cells were preincubated with the antagonists for 10 min prior to the addition of the agonist and subsequent incubated for 20 additional min. The HitHunter™ cAMP XS assay (DiscoveRx) was carried out according to the manufacturer's instructions.

Alternative 2 (Also Referred to as CisBio Assay):

The in vitro functional activity of compounds towards human GIP receptor can also be determined in HEK-293 cells transiently expressing the receptor. On the day of the assay, cells were resuspended in HBSS buffer (Gibco, 14025-50) supplemented with 20 mM HEPES (Gibco, 15630-106), 0.1% Pluronic F-68 (Gibco, 24040-032) and 0.1% casein (Sigma, C4765), and plated in 384-well plates at a density of 5000 cells/well. The GIP peptide analogues of the present disclosure were diluted in HBSS buffer supplemented with 20 mM HEPES, 0.1% pluronic, 0.1% casein and 500 uM IBMX. To test for antagonistic properties, the GIP peptide analogues to be tested were each independently added to the cells and incubated for 20 min. at 37° C. prior to addition of agonist (GIP1-42) at an EC50 concentration, and subsequent incubation at 37° C. for 30 min. The resulting decrease in intracellular cAMP was quantitatively determined using the CisBio cAMP Dynamic 2 HTRF Assay Kit. The assay is based on a competition between native cAMP produced by cells and cAMP labeled with the dye d2 for binding to a cryptate labeled antibody. The specific signal (i.e. energy transfer signal) is inversely proportional to the concentration of cAMP in the sample.

The cAMP-d2 conjugate and the antibody anti-cAMP-Cryptate, both diluted in lysis buffer provided in the kit, were added to the cells according to the manufacturer's protocol. The resulting competitive assay was incubated for 60 minutes at room temperature, and the signal was detected by using a PerkinElmer Envision® instrument with excitation at 320 nm and emission at 665 nm and 620 nm. The HTRF ratio (emission at 665 nm/620 nm*10,000) is inversely proportional to the amount of cAMP present and is converted to nM cAMP per well using a cAMP standard curve. The dose-response curves were fitted using the non-linear regression analysis (four-logistic parameter equation) in GraphPad Prism, whereby pIC50 values were estimated. To test for agonistic properties at the GIP receptor, compounds were diluted and added to cells as described above and incubated for 30 min at 37° C. The resulting increase in intracellular cAMP was determined using the CisBio cAMP Dynamic 2 HTRF Assay Kit as described above.

Elimination Half-Life (T_(1/2)) Estimated Göttingen Minipigs

2-3 Göttingen minipigs were subcutaneously administered one of the GIP analogues of the present invention (1-10 nmol/kg, total volume 2-6 mL) and blood samples were collected before and up to 432 hours post subcutaneous administration.) from a central venous catheter. The catheter was flushed with saline and heparin between samples. Blood was collected into cold EDTA tubes, centrifuged and plasma was kept at −20° C. pending analyses.

Elimination Half-Life (T_(1/2)) Estimated in Wistar Rats

3 Wistar rats were administered one of the GIP analogues intravenously of the present invention (7 nmol/kg, total dose volume 1 ml/kg) and blood samples were collected from the tail-tip before and up to 72 hours post administration. Blood was collected into cold EDTA tubes, centrifuged and plasma was kept at −20° C. pending analyses.

Hormone Analysis

Concentrations of the acylated GIP(3-30)NH₂ or GIP(5-30)NH₂ analogues in blood samples from Göttingen minipigs were analyzed by RIA. Analogues' immunoreactivity was determined using antiserum Ab95234, Ab95235, Ab95236, a polyclonal in-house antibody raised in rabbits specific for either the mid region of GIP(1-30)NH₂ or amidated C-terminus of GIP(3-30)NH₂.

LC/MS Determined GIP(3-30) or GIP(5-30) Analogues Blood Concentration

In addition to the hormone analysis, blood concentrations of AT374, 380, 382-385, 392-393 were determined by LC/MS performed by Red Glead Discovery AB, Lund, Sweden. The plasma samples were precipitated by addition of 3 parts ethanol followed by thorough mixing. After centrifugation and dilution of the supernatant, the samples were analyzed by LC-MS/MS and compared with a 9-point calibration curve. The calibration curves were prepared in naïve plasma matrix from Göttingen minipigs.

Data Analysis

IC₅₀, EC₅₀, and E max values were determined by nonlinear regression. These were carried out with the GraphPad Prism 6.0 software (GraphPad, San Diego, Calif., USA) and Microsoft Excel™.

Example 1—Antagonistic Properties of Acylated Human GIP(3-30)NH₂ and GIP(5-30)NH₂ are Preserved or Improved Following Individual Substitutions of Selected Amino Acids and for Example at Least at Positions 16, 18 and 30

In order to develop a GIP receptor antagonist with improved antagonistic properties, individual amino acid substitutions were conducted on GIP(3-30)NH₂ and in particular at positions: 16, 18, 30 or 3, 16, 18, 30. The obtained peptides were lipidated at position 18 directly or via a linker. Both the agonistic and antagonistic profiles of the compounds were tested in cAMP accumulation experiments done in transiently transfected COS-7 cells expressing the human GIP receptor. To investigate if these mutated analogues still retained their antagonistic properties, their ability to inhibit a GIP-mediated cAMP response corresponding to 50-80% of maximum activation was examined.

Results:

GIP(3-30)—NH₂[E3Pyr-E, K16R, H18K, K30R] antagonists with this mutational combination generally retained or even improved their antagonistic properties compared to PCT/EP2018/064355. The difference in linker length played a lesser role for the antagonistic properties, which is surprising given the relatively large variation between this group of peptides. AT380, AT382, AT390 were the best with IC₅₀-values of 7.3; 1.8; 0.8 nM potency respectively. The T_(1/2) of AT380, AT382, was clearly improved to 20 h, 29 h respectively, compared to previous GIP3-30NH₂ analogues with or without a fatty acid.

GIP(3-30)—NH₂[E3S, K16R, H18K, K30R] peptides with this combination of mutation also retained or improved antagonistic properties compared to PCT/EP2018/064355. Surprisingly the linker length did not affect the antagonistic properties. AT384, AT385, AT392, AT393 were the best with IC₅₀-values of 8; 4; 0.6 and 1 nM, respectively. The T_(1/2) of AT384, AT385, AT392, AT393 were 12 h, 36 h, 20 h, 6 h, 25 h respectively, clearly improved compared to previous GIP3-30NH₂ analogues with or without a fatty acid. GIP(3-30)—NH₂[E3P, K16R, H18K, K30R] retained its antagonistic potency regardless of linker length. The best was AT257 and AT277 with IC₅₀-values of 21 and 16 nM respectively.

The GIP(3-30)—NH₂ (K16R,H18K,K30R) with various linker length and FA, maintained the potent antagonistic effect, as shown in Table 1. The best of the group was AT373 and AT374 with IC₅₀ values of 10 and 12 nM respectively. The only PK values obtained for this group showed a markedly increase in T_(1/2) to 14 h.

The analogues with no linker and no arginine substitutions show lower IC₅₀ than what has been observed in PCT/EP2018/064355, for the acylated GIP3-30 analogues. The IC₅₀-value of AT477, AT482, AT483 was 2, 1, 3 nM respectively, see Table 1.

Taken together mutation of position 3 glutamate influences the antagonistic properties of GIP(3-30)NH₂ analogues, see Table 1. The amino acids Pyr-E and S were generally better for maintaining antagonistic properties than G, P or the endogenous E at position 3. The mutation of lysine to arginine doesn't seem to decrease the IC₅₀Cm-value for both position 16 and 30. Surprisingly the Alanine and α-helix stabilizing mutations improved the antagonistic properties (AT482 and AT483, corresponding to SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [D9E, D15E, H18K, D21E, N24Q]) and SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [T5A, S11A, I12A, H18K, N24A]), respectively). The highest Thin this group was observed for acylated peptides with a C18 diacid fatty acid and minimum γ-Glu+2×AEEAc except for AT394 which had a 016 diacid fatty acid with no linker.

TABLE 1 A: Name and structure of the acylated GIP antagonists with one or more amino acid substitutions. When the linker consists of more than one unit, it is intended that the first named unit is linked to peptide, and the last named unit is linked to the fatty acid. However, the units of the linker may be placed in a different order with no or minor effects on the function of the linker. Back C-term FA ID bone mod posi. FA linker FA Mutations AT257 3-30 COOH 18 C16- [E3G; K16R; H18K; K30R] diacid AT259 3-30 COOH 18 C16- [E3S; K16R; H18K; K30R] diacid AT261 3-30 COOH 18 C16- [E3P; K16R; H18K; K30R] diacid AT263 3-30 COOH 18 y-glu C16- [E3G; K16R; H18K; K30R] diacid AT265 3-30 COOH 18 y-glu C16- [E3S; K16R; H18K; K30R] diacid AT267 3-30 COOH 18 y-glu C16- [E3P; K16R; H18K; K30R] diacid AT269 3-30 COOH 18 AEEAc + y-glu C16- [E3G; K16R; H18K; K30R] diacid AT271 3-30 COOH 18 AEEAc + y-glu C16- [E3S; K16R; H18K; K30R] diacid AT273 3-30 COOH 18 AEEAc + y-glu C16- [E3P; K16R; H18K; K30R] diacid AT275 3-30 COOH 18 2xAEEAc + C16- [E3G; K16R; H18K; K30R] y-glu diacid AT277 3-30 COOH 18 2xAEEAc + C16- [E3S; K16R; H18K; K30R] y-glu diacid AT279 3-30 COOH 18 2xAEEAc + C16- [E3P; K16R; H18K; K30R] y-glu diacid AT379 3-30 NH₂ 18 2xAEEAc + C16- [E3pGlu; K16R; H18K; K30R] y-glu diacid AT380 3-30 NH₂ 18 3xAEEAc + C16- [E3pGlu; K16R; H18K; K30R] y-glu diacid AT381 3-30 NH₂ 18 2xAEEAc + C18- [E3pGlu; K16R; H18K; K30R] y-glu diacid AT382 3-30 NH₂ 18 3xAEEAc + C18- [E3pGlu; K16R; H18K; K30R] gluy- diacid AT383 3-30 NH₂ 18 3xAEEAc + C16- [E3S; K16R; H18K; K30R] y-glu diacid AT384 3-30 NH₂ 18 2xAEEAc + C18- [E3S; K16R; H18K; K30R] y-glu diacid AT385 3-30 NH₂ 18 3xAEEAc + C18- [E3S; K16R; H18K; K30R] y-glu diacid AT390 3-30 NH₂ 18 C16- [E3pGlu; K16R; H18K; K30R] diacid AT391 3-30 NH₂ 18 C18- [E3pGlu; K16R; H18K; K30R] diacid AT392 3-30 NH₂ 18 C16- [E3S; K16R; H18K; K30R] diacid AT393 3-30 NH₂ 18 C18- [E3S; K16R; H18K; K30R] diacid AT496 3-30 NH2 18 C16- [E3G; K16R; H18K; K30R] diacid AT498 3-30 NH2 18 C16- [E3S; K16R; H18K; K30R] diacid AT500 3-30 NH2 18 C16- [E3P; K16R; H18K; K30R] diacid AT502 3-30 NH2 18 y-glu C16- [E3G; K16R; H18K; K30R] diacid AT504 3-30 NH2 18 y-glu C16- [E3S; K16R; H18K; K30R] diacid AT506 3-30 NH2 18 y-glu C16- [E3P; K16R; H18K; K30R] diacid AT508 3-30 NH2 18 AEEAc + y-glu C16- [E3G; K16R; H18K; K30R] diacid AT510 3-30 NH2 18 AEEAc + y-glu C16- [E3S; K16R; H18K; K30R] diacid AT512 3-30 NH2 18 AEEAc + y-glu C16- [E3P; K16R; H18K; K30R] diacid AT514 3-30 NH2 18 2xAEEAc + C16- [E3G; K16R; H18K; K30R] y-glu diacid AT516 3-30 NH2 18 2xAEEAc + C16- [E3S; K16R; H18K; K30R] y-glu diacid AT518 3-30 NH2 18 2xAEEAc + C16- [E3P; K16R; H18K; K30R] y-glu diacid AT373 3-30 NH₂ 18 AEEAc + y-glu C16- [K16R; H18K; K30R] diacid AT374 3-30 NH₂ 18 2xAEEAc + C16- [K16R; H18K; K30R] y-glu diacid AT375 3-30 NH₂ 18 3xAEEAc + C16- [K16R; H18K; K30R] y-glu diacid AT376 3-30 NH₂ 18 AEEAc + y-glu C18- [K16R; H18K; K30R] diacid AT377 3-30 NH₂ 18 2xAEEAc + C18- [K16R; H18K; K30R] y-glu diacid AT378 3-30 NH₂ 18 3xAEEAc + C18- [K16R; H18K; K30R] y-glu diacid AT233 5-30 NH2 18 y-glu C16- [M14L; K16R; H18K; K30R] diacid AT234 5-30 NH2 18 yglu + AEEAc C16- [M14L; K16R; H18K; K30R] diacid AT477 3-30 NH2 18 C16- [H18K][K30E] diacid AT482 3-30 NH2 18 C16- [D9E][D15E][H18K][D21E][N24Q] diacid AT483 3-30 NH2 18 C16- [G4A][S11A][I12A][H18K][N24A] diacid AT609 GIP(3-30) None NH2 18 2xPEG + C18-diacid yGlu B: Antagonistic, agonistic properties and half-life, T½ of acylated GIP antagonists with one or more amino acid substitutions. (The DiscoveRx assay was used to obtain the data in Table 1B) cAMP antagonism cAMP agonism ID log SEM nM % inhib n Emax SEM n T½ AT257 −7.7 0.2 21 NA 3 4 2 3 AT259 −7.7 0.5 19 NA 3 20 5 3 AT261 −7.3 0.4 46 NA 3 24 4 3 AT263 −7.1 0.2 74 NA 3 8 1 3 AT265 −7.5 0.5 33 NA 3 10 1 3 AT267 −6.9 0.3 123 NA 3 16 2 3 AT269 −7.0 0.2 91 NA 3 12 3 3 AT271 −7.2 0.2 71 NA 3 9 2 3 AT273 −6.2 0.5 634 NA 3 35 7 3 AT275 −7.4 0.6 43 NA 3 5 2 3 AT277 −7.8 0.5 16 NA 3 9 2 3 AT279 −7.7 0.7 19 NA 3 17 3 3 AT379 −8.1 0.2 8 96 3 No Agonism 3 AT380 −8.1 0.2 7 100 3 No Agonism 3 20 AT381 −7.4 0.2 38 100 3 No Agonism 3 AT382 −8.7 0.2 2 100 3 No Agonism 3 29 AT383 −8.9 0.2 1 100 3 No Agonism 3 12 AT384 −8.1 0.1 8 100 3 No Agonism 3 36 AT385 −8.4 0.2 4 100 3 No Agonism 3 20 AT390 −9.1 0.1 1 100 3 No Agonism 3 AT391 −8.0 0.1 10 100 3 No Agonism 3 AT392 −9.2 0.1 1 93 3 No Agonism 3 6 AT393 −8.9 0.2 1 100 3 No Agonism 3 25 AT496 −7.9 0.2 12 100 3 No Agonism 3 AT498 −7.7 0.2 21 95 3 6 2 3 AT500 −7.5 0.3 29 90 3 No Agonism 3 AT502 −7.3 0.2 52 85 3 5 1 3 AT504 −7.7 0.5 21 90 3 No Agonism 3 AT506 −7.0 0.1 91 90 3 No Agonism 3 AT508 −7.6 0.2 23 100 3 No Agonism 3 AT510 −7.5 0.2 30 100 3 No Agonism 3 AT512 −6.8 0.2 168 80 3 No Agonism 3 AT514 −7.4 0.3 39 80 3 No Agonism 3 AT516 −7.5 0.1 31 100 2 No Agonism 2 AT518 −6.5 0.1 346 100 2 5 2 2 AT373 −8.0 0.1 10 94 3 No Agonism 3 AT374 −7.9 0.1 12 100 3 No Agonism 3 14 AT375 −7.7 0.1 22 100 3 No Agonism 3 AT376 −7.7 0.2 19 90 3 No Agonism 3 AT377 −7.7 0.2 19 100 3 No Agonism 3 AT378 −7.8 0.1 16 92 3 No Agonism 3 AT233 −7.5 0.4 32 NA 3 28 4 3 AT234 −7.8 0.2 16 NA 3 26 2 3 AT477 −8.6 0.3 2 90 2 No Agonism 2 AT482 −8.9 0.2 1 100 3 10 2 2 AT483 −8.5 0.2 3 100 2 8 2 2 C. Antagonistic, agonistic properties and half-life, T½ of acylated GIP antagonists with one or more amino acid substitutions. (The CisBio assay was used to obtain the data in Table 1C). cAMP antagonism cAMP agonism ID pIC50 SD nM % inhib n % Efficacy SD n T½ AT257 6.9 0.4 136 80 3 5 7 5 AT259 7.2 0.4 58.4 72 3 9 12 5 AT261 6.7 0.3 200 62 3 0 4 AT263 6.7 0.3 21 69 3 0 4 AT265 7.2 0.6 58.4 73 3 8 11 5 AT267 6.1 0.9 736 52 3 4 9 5 AT269 ND 3 0 4 AT271 7.1 0.2 85.8 73 3 2 5 3 AT273 NR 3 0 3 AT275 6.9 0.3 126 66 2 5 7 2 AT277 7.5 0.3 31.6 84 2 8 11 2 AT279 6.8 0.3 159 81 2 14 21 3 AT379 7.7 0.3 21.5 95 3 0 2 AT380 7.1 0.5 85.8 82 3 8 15 7 AT381 7.9 0.3 13.6 74 2 5 9 4 AT382 7.6 0.4 25.1 83 3 0 2 AT383 7.9 0.2 12.6 89 3 0 2 AT384 7.3 0.1 54.1 97 3 0 2 AT385 7.4 0.6 43.0 70 3 3 6 4 AT390 7.8 0.6 15.9 81 4 4 5 2 AT391 6.6 0.4 271 95 3 0 2 AT392 7.2 0.3 68.1 96 3 0 2 AT393 7.5 0.5 33.5 78 4 6 9 5 AT496 7.4 0.5 39.811 100 0 2 AT498 7.9 0.5 13.2 85 4 5 9 4 AT500 7.2 0.1 66.8 77 4 4 5 4 AT502 6.5 0.4 293 65 4 13 15 4 AT504 7.4 0.0 39.8 85 2 0 2 AT506 6.8 0.4 147 78 3 5 7 4 AT508 7.0 0.6 92.6 89 3 0 2 AT510 7.2 0.1 58.4 87 3 2 5 4 AT512 7.1 0.3 79.4 73 3 0 2 AT514 7.5 0.3 31.6 86 3 0 2 AT516 7.6 0.5 27.1 88 4 0 2 AT518 7.1 0.4 85.8 71 2 0 2 AT373 7.9 0.3 12.6 91 3 0 2 AT374 7.8 0.1 17.1 86 3 0 2 AT375 7.6 0.4 23.3 83 3 6 4 2 AT376 8.2 0.5 6.81 87 3 0 2 AT377 7.7 0.2 18.5 90 3 0 3 AT378 7.9 0.5 11.7 90 3 0 2 AT233 7.5 0.6 34.2 70 3 0 2 AT234 7.4 0.2 39.8 66 3 0 2 AT477 8.1 0.3 7.943 92 3 0 2 AT482 7.8 0.4 14.1 99 5 0 5 AT483 7.4 0.3 39.8 92 4 0 2 AT609 7.6 0.1 23.3 98 3 0 3 C. Continuation. cAMP antagonism cAMP agonism ID pIC50 SD nM % inhib n % Efficacyx n AT353 7.6 0.3 25.1 90 4 0 3 AT354 7.0 0.4 108 91 3 0 3 AT355 6.6 0.5 232.63 65 4 0 3 AT356 ND 3 0 3 AT357 6.8 0.4 177.83 40 2 0 2

Example 2—Antagonistic Properties of Human GIP-Analogues Lacking Between 5 and 9 N-Terminal Amino Acid Residues are Preserved or Improved

The effect of removing 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9 N-terminal amino acid residues from GIP(1-30)NH₂ on its antagonistic activity as well as T % was tested as described above. The GIP analogues were also acylated with or without a linker at position 18, where the Histidine residues had previously been substituted with a Lysine.

Results:

The GIP((6-10)-30)—NH₂ variants showed very different potencies clearly indicating a minimum length of the peptide is required to maintain a high potent antagonistic profile, as demonstrated by the data in Table 2. The best of the analogue was AT353 with IC50 9 nM.

TABLE 2 Name and structure of the truncated GIP antagonists along with the antagonistic, agonistic properties. cAMP cAMP C-term FA antagonism agonism ID Backbone mod posi. FA Mutations log SEM nM % inhib n Emax n AT353 6-30 NH₂ 18 C16- [H18K] −8.1 0.1 9 100.0 3 NA 3 diacid AT354 7-30 NH₂ 18 C16- [H18K] −8.0 0.2 10 100.0 3 NA 3 diacid AT355 8-30 NH₂ 18 C16- [H18K] −7.3 0.3 53 100.0 3 NA 3 diacid AT356 9-30 NH₂ 18 C16- [H18K] No antagonism 2 NA 3 diacid AT357 10-30  NH₂ 18 C16- ΓH18K1 −6.3 0.6 528 100.0 3 NA 3 diacid NA = No agonism

Example 3—Selectivity

cAMP Assay-Selectivity

Transient transfected COS-7 cells expressing the either of the GLP1 receptor (GLP1R), GLP2 receptor (GLP2R), glucagon receptor (GcgR) or secretin receptor (SCTR) were seeded in white 96-well plates with a density of 3.5*10⁴/well. The day after, the cells were washed twice with Hepes buffered saline (HBS) buffer and incubated with HBS and 1 mM 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX) for 30 min at 37° C. To test for agonistic properties, ligands were added and incubated for 30 min at 37° C. In order to test for antagonistic properties, the cells were preincubated with the antagonists for 10 min prior to the addition the natural agonist for the expressed receptor (GLP1 for GLP1R expressing cells, GLP2 for GLP2R expressing cells, glucagon for the GcgR and secretin for the SCTR) and subsequent incubated for 20 additional min. To determine the IC50, a concentration of the natural agonist was used corresponding to 50-80% of maximal cAMP accumulation. The HitHunter™ cAMP XS assay (DiscoveRx) was carried out according to the manufacturer's instructions.

Results:

We compared the selectivity data of the best antagonists from PCT/EP2018/064355, published as WO 2018/220123, to the best antagonists in this application. This was done by determining antagonistic properties of the peptides for GIPR, Glucagon receptor, GLP-1 receptor, GLP-2 receptor and Secretin receptor. As shown by the data in Table 3, all the antagonists in this application were more selective than the ones from WO 2018/220123, except for AT353 and AT257. AT353 and AT257 are characterized by being without a linker while having the acylation in position 18. The only antagonist from WO 2018/220123 with a linker is AT198, but it is acylated on position 11 and this combination does not seem favorable for selectivity. The combination of a linker and acylation on position 18 seems to generate surprisingly selective antagonists.

TABLE 3 A. Antagonistic properties in relation to GIPR, Glucagon receptor and GLP-1 receptor of GIP antagonists of the present disclosure and previously described in WO 2018/220123. GIPR, Antagonism GLP-1R, Antagonism Glucagon R, Antagonism ID nM % inhib index log nM %inhib n index log nM % inhib n AT117 15 NA 2.7 −7.4 41 41 3 Not tested AT158 5 NA 57 −6.5 336 54 3 92 −6.3 548 54 2 AT198 11 NA 62 −6.2 617 91 3 629 −5.2 6918 50 4 AT256 13 NA No antagonism 2 No antagonism 2 AT257 21 NA 256 −5.3 5386 55 2 1 15 100 2 AT260 13 NA 527 −5.3 4520 66 2 No antagonism 2 AT277 16 NA 561 −5.2 6104 68 3 No antagonism 2 AT353 9 100.0 44 −6.8 169 43 2 No antagonism 2 AT382 2 100.0 No antagonism 2 No antagonism 2 AT383 1 100.0 No antagonism 2 No antagonism 2 AT384 8 100.0 No antagonism 2 No antagonism 2 AT385 4 100.0 No antagonism 2 No antagonism 2 AT392 1 93.0 No antagonism 2 Not tested AT393 1 100.0 No antagonism 2 No antagonism 2 B. Antagonistic properties in relation to GIPR, GLP-2 receptor and Secretin receptor of GIP antagonists of the present disclosure and previously described in WO 2018/220123. GIPR, Antagonism GLP-2R, Antagonism Secretin R, Antagonism ID nM % inhib index log nM % inhib n index log nM % inhib n AT117 15 NA Not tested Not tested AT158 5 NA No antagonism 1 No antagonism 1 AT198 11 NA No antagonism 2 No antagonism 3 AT256 13 NA No antagonism 2 No antagonism 2 AT257 21 NA No antagonism 2 No antagonism 2 AT260 13 NA No antagonism 2 No antagonism 2 AT277 16 NA No antagonism 2 No antagonism 2 AT353 9 100.0 No antagonism 2 No antagonism 2 AT382 2 100.0 No antagonism 2 No antagonism 2 AT383 1 100.0 No antagonism 2 No antagonism 2 AT384 8 100.0 No antagonism 2 No antagonism 2 AT385 4 100.0 No antagonism 2 No antagonism 2 AT392 1 93.0 Not tested Not tested AT393 1 100.0 No antagonism 2 No antagonism 2 C. Antagonistic properties in relation to GIPR of GIP antagonists of the present disclosure and previously described in WO 2018/220123, tested with the CisBio assay, GIPR, Antagonism ID nM % inhib AT117 56.2 82 AT158 14.3 88 AT198 36.8 97 AT256 70.8 88 AT257 136 80 AT260 147 61 AT277 31.6 84 AT353 25.1 90 AT382 25.1 83 AT383 12.6 89 AT384 54.1 97 AT385 43.0 70 AT392 68.1 96 AT393 33.5 78 NA = not avaiable Italics indicates previously described antagonists.

Sequence listing <SEQ ID NO: 1> XGTFISDYSIAMDRIXQQDFVNWLLAQX (hGIP3-30, [E3X₁, K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]) <SEQ ID NO: 2> TFISDYSIAMDRIXQQDFVNWLLAQX (hGIP5-30 [K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]) <SEQ ID NO: 3> EGTFISDYSIAMDKIHQQDFVNWLLAQK (hGIP3-30, SEQ ID NO:), <SEQ ID NO: 4> TFISDYSIAMDKIHQQDFVNWLLAQK (hGIP5-30, SEQ ID NO:), <SEQ ID NO: 5> FISDYSIAMDKIHQQDFVNWLLAQK (hGIP6-30, SEQ ID NO:), <SEQ ID NO: 6> ISDYSIAMDKIHQQDFVNWLLAQK (hGIP7-30, SEQ ID NO:), <SEQ ID NO: 7> SDYSIAMDKIHQQDFVNWLLAQK (hGIP8-30, SEQ ID NO:), <SEQ ID NO: 8> DYSIAMDKIHQQDFVNWLLAQK (hGIP9-30, SEQ ID NO:), <SEQ ID NO: 9> YSIAMDKIHQQDFVNWLLAQK (hGIP10-30, SEQ ID NO:), <SEQ ID NO: 10> FISD Fragment of N-ter of GIP <SEQ ID NO: 11> EGTFISDYSIAMDKIXQQDFVNWLLAQK (hGIP3-30, [H18X₂, K30X₃]) <SEQ ID NO: 12> EGTFISEYSIAMEKIXQQEFVQWLLAQK (hGIP3-30, [D9E, D15E, H18X₂, D21E, N24Q]) <SEQ ID NO: 13> EGAFISDYAAAMDKIXQQDFVAWLLAQK (hGIP3-30, [T5A, S11A, I12A, H18X₂, N24A]) <SEQ ID NO: 14> PGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR, <SEQ ID NO: 15>  GGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR, <SEQ ID NO: 16> SGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR, <SEQ ID NO: 17> pyroEGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR <SEQ ID NO: 18> TFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR, <SEQ ID NO: 19> TFISDYSIALDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR, <SEQ ID NO: 20> EGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR, <SEQ ID NO: 21> YSIAMDKIKQQDFVNWLLAQK, <SEQ ID NO: 22> DYSIAMDKIKQQDFVNWLLAQK, <SEQ ID NO: 23> SDYSIAMDKIKQQDFVNWLLAQK, <SEQ ID NO: 24> ISDYSIAMDKIKQQDFVNWLLAQK, <SEQ ID NO: 25>  FISDYSIAMDKIKQQDFVNWLLAQK, <SEQ ID NO: 26> TFISDYSIAMDKIKQQDFVNWLLAQE, <SEQ ID NO: 27> TFISEYSIAMEKIKQQEFVQWLLAQK, <SEQ ID NO: 28> AFISDYAAAMDKIKQQDFVAWLLAQK, <SEQ ID NO: 29> EGTFISEYSIAMEKIKQQEFVQWLLAQK 

1. A glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) analogue consisting of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, [E3X₁, K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]): 3   4   5   6   7   8   9  10  11  12  13  14   X ₁  - G - T - F - I - S - D - Y - S - I - A - M - 15  16  17     D - R - I   18  19  20  21  22  23  24  25  26  27  28  29  30   X ₂  - Q - Q - D - F - V - N - W - L - L - A - Q - X ₃  

wherein said amino acid X₁ is selected from a group consisting of P, G, A, S and pyroE (pyroglutamic acid), wherein said amino acid X₂ is selected from a group consisting of K and Orn, wherein said amino acid X₃ is selected from a group consisting of R and E, or a functional variant thereof, wherein said variant has 1 to 4 individual amino acid substitutions at any one of the amino acid residues at positions 4 to 15, 17 and 19 to 29 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, [E3X₁, K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]), wherein said peptide is modified by attaching at least one fatty acid molecule at the amino acid at position 18 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, [E3X₁, K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]), or a functional variant thereof.
 2. The GIP peptide analogue of claim 1, wherein the at least one fatty acid molecule is attached to the side chain amino group of the amino acid at position 18 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, [E3X₁, K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]) or a functional variant thereof.
 3. The GIP peptide analogue of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the amino acid at position 18 is a lysine, and wherein at least one fatty acid molecule is attached to the side chain amino group of the lysine at position 18 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, [E3X₁, K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]) or a functional variant thereof.
 4. The GIP peptide analogue of any one of the preceding claims, wherein said functional variant has 1 individual amino acid substitution at any one of the amino acid residues at positions 4 to 15, 17 and 19 to 29 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, [E3X₁, K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]), such as 2 individual amino acid substitutions, such as 3 individual amino acid substitutions, for example 4 individual amino acid substitutions at any one of the amino acid residues at positions 4 to 15, 17 and 19 to 29 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, [E3X₁, K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]).
 5. The GIP peptide analogue of any one of the preceding claims, wherein said fatty acid molecule is attached to the epsilon-amino group of the K at position 18 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, [E3X₁, K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]), or a functional variant thereof.
 6. A glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) analogue selected from the group consisting of: a peptide consisting of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]): 3   4   5   6   7   8   9  10  11  12  13  14   X ₁  - G - T - F - I - S - D - Y - S - I - A - M - 15  16  17     D - R - I   18  19  20  21  22  23  24  25  26  27  28  29  30   X ₂  - Q - Q - D - F - V - N - W - L - L - A - Q - X ₃  

and a peptide consisting of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP5-30 [K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]): 5   6   7   8   9  10  11  12  13  14  15  16  17   T - F - I - S - D - Y - S - I - A - M - D - R - I   18  19  20  21  22  23  24  25  26  27  28  29  30   X ₂  - Q - Q - D - F - V - N - W - L - L - A - Q - X ₃  

wherein said amino acid X₁ may be selected from a group consisting of E, P, G, A, S and pyroE, wherein said amino acid X₂ may be selected from a group consisting of K and Orn, wherein said amino acid X₃ may be selected from a group consisting of R and E, or a functional variant thereof, wherein said functional variant has 1 to 4 individual amino acid substitutions at any one of the amino acid residues at positions 4 to 15, 17 and 19 to 29 of any one of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP5-30, [K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]) and SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, [K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]), wherein said peptide is modified by attaching at least one fatty acid molecule at the amino acid at position 18 via a linker.
 7. The GIP peptide analogue of any one of the preceding claims, wherein said functional variant has 1 individual amino acid substitution at any one of the amino acid residues at positions 4 to 15, 17 and 19 to 29 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP5-30, [K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]) and SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, [K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]), such as 2 individual amino acid substitutions, such as 3 individual amino acid substitutions, for example 4 individual amino acid substitutions at any one of the amino acid residues at positions 4 to 15, 17 and 19 to 29 of any one of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP5-30, [K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]) and SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, [K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]).
 8. The GIP peptide analogue of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the amino acid in position 18 is a lysine, and wherein at least one fatty acid molecule is attached to the side chain amino group of the lysine at position 18 of any one of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP5-30, [K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]) and SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, [K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]).
 9. The GIP peptide analogue of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the amino acid in position 18 is a Lysine, and wherein said fatty acid molecule is attached to the epsilon-amino group of the lysine at position 18 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP5-30, [K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]) and SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30, [K16R, H18X₂, K30X₃]), or a functional variant thereof.
 10. A glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) analogue consisting of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP10-30): 10  11  12  13  14  15  16  17  18  19  20  21    Y - S - I - A - M - D - K - I - H - Q - Q - D - 22  23    F - V   24  25  26  27  28  29  30    N - W - L - L - A - Q - K  

wherein said GIP peptide analogue optionally further comprises: the peptide D at the N-terminus (hGIP9-30, SEQ ID NO:), the dipeptide S-D at the N-terminus (hGIP8-30, SEQ ID NO:), the tripeptide I-S-D at the N-terminus (hGIP7-30, SEQ ID NO:), the tetrapeptide F-I-S-D at the N-terminus (hGIP6-30, SEQ ID NO:), or a functional variant thereof, wherein said variant has 1 to 4 individual amino acid substitutions at any amino acid residue of any one of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP10-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP9-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP8-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP7-30), and SEQ ID NO: (hGIP6-30), wherein said GIP peptide analogue is modified by attaching at least one fatty acid molecule at one or more amino acid residues at positions 10 to 29 of any one SEQ ID NO: (hGIP10-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP9-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP8-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP7-30), and SEQ ID NO: (hGIP6-30), or a functional variant thereof comprising between 1 and 4 individual amino acid substitutions, with or without a linker.
 11. The GIP peptide analogue of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the H at position 18 of any one of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP10-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP9-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP8-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP7-30), and SEQ ID NO: (hGIP6-30), or a functional variant thereof, is substituted with any amino acid, such as substituted with an amino acid selected from the group consisting of A, R, K and Orn.
 12. The GIP peptide analogue of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the K at position 30 of any one of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP10-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP9-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP8-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP7-30), and SEQ ID NO: (hGIP6-30), or a functional variant thereof, is substituted with any amino acid, such as substituted with an amino acid selected from the group consisting of E and R.
 13. The GIP peptide analogue of any one of the preceding claims, a fatty acid molecule is attached to the side chain amino group of the amino acid at position 18 of any one of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP10-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP9-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP8-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP7-30), and SEQ ID NO: (hGIP6-30), or a functional variant thereof, wherein H at position 18 has been substituted with K or Orn in any one of SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID NO: (hGIP9-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP8-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP7-30), and SEQ ID NO: (hGIP6-30), or a functional variant thereof.
 14. The GIP peptide analogue of any one of the preceding claims, wherein said functional variant has 1 individual amino acid substitution at any amino acid residue of any one of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP10-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP9-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP8-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP7-30), and SEQ ID NO: (hGIP6-30), such as 2 individual amino acid substitutions, such as 3 individual amino acid substitutions, for example 4 individual amino acid substitutions at any amino acid residue of any one of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP10-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP9-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP8-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP7-30), and SEQ ID NO: (hGIP6-30).
 15. The GIP peptide analogue of any one of the preceding claims, wherein said fatty acid molecule is attached to the epsilon-amino group of the K at position 18 of any one of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP10-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP9-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP8-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP7-30), and SEQ ID NO: (hGIP6-30), or a functional variant thereof.
 16. The GIP peptide analogue of any one of the preceding claims, wherein said fatty acid molecule is attached to the epsilon-amino group of the Orn at position 18 of any one of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP10-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP9-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP8-30), SEQ ID NO: (hGIP7-30), and SEQ ID NO: (hGIP6-30), or a functional variant thereof.
 17. A glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) analogue consisting of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [H18X₂, K30X₃]): 3   4   5   6   7   8   9  10  11  12  13  14   E - G - T - F - I - S - D - Y - S - I - A - M - 15  16  17    D - K - I   18  19  20  21  22  23  24  25  26  27  28  29  30   X ₂  - Q - Q - D - F - V - N - W - L - L - A - Q - X ₃  

wherein said amino acid X₂ may be selected from a group consisting of K and Orn, wherein said amino acid X₃ may be selected from a group consisting of R and E, or a functional variant thereof having 1 to 4 individual amino acid substitutions at any one of the amino acid residues at positions 4 to 17 and 19 to 29 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [H18X₂, K30X₃]), wherein said peptide is modified by attaching at least one fatty acid molecule at the amino acid at position 18 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [H18X₂, K30X₃]), or a functional variant thereof.
 18. A glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) analogue consisting of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [D9E, D15E, H18X₂, D21E, N24Q]): 3   4   5   6   7   8   9  10  11  12  13  14   E - G - T - F - I - S - E - Y - S - I - A - M - 15  16  17    E - K - I   18  19  20  21  22  23  24  25  26  27  28  29  30   X ₂  - Q - Q - E - F - V - Q - W - L - L - A - Q - K  

wherein said amino acid X₂ may be selected from a group consisting of K and Orn, or a functional variant thereof having 1 to 4 individual amino acid substitutions at any one of positions 3 to 30 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [D9E, D15E, H18X₂, D21E, N24Q]), wherein said peptide is modified by attaching at least one fatty acid molecule at the amino acid at position 18 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [D9E, D15E, H18X₂, D21E, N24Q]), or a functional variant thereof.
 19. A glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) analogue consisting of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [T5A, S11A, I12A, H18X₂, N24A]): 3   4   5   6   7   8   9  10  11  12  13  14   E - G - A - F - I - S - E - Y - A - A - A - M - 15  16  17    E - K - I   18  19  20  21  22  23  24  25  26  27  28  29  30   X ₂  - Q - Q - E - F - V - A - W - L - L - A - Q - K  

wherein said amino acid X₂ may be selected from a group consisting of K and Orn, or a functional variant thereof having 1 to 4 individual amino acid substitutions at any one of positions 3 to 30 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [T5A, 511A, I12A, H18X₂, N24A]), wherein said peptide is modified by attaching at least one fatty acid molecule at the amino acid at position 18 of SEQ ID NO: (hGIP3-30 [T5A, S11A, I12A, H18X₂, N24A]), or a functional variant thereof.
 20. The GIP peptide analogue according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein said GIP peptide analogue is an antagonist of GIPR.
 21. The GIP peptide analogue according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein said GIP peptide analogue inhibits GIPR activity of at least 80%, such as of at least 85%, such as of at least 90%, such as of at least 95%, such as of about 100%.
 22. The GIP peptide analogue according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein said GIP peptide analogue inhibits GIPR activity of at least 80%, such as of at least 85%, such as of at least 90%, such as of at least 95%, such as of about 100%, wherein inhibition of GIPR activity is determined as a decrease in intracellular cAMP.
 23. The GIP peptide analogue according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein said GIP peptide analogue has a GIPR antagonistic potency corresponding to an IC50 value of 50 nM or less.
 24. The GIP peptide analogue of any one of the preceding claims, wherein a fatty acid molecule is not attached at the amino acid residue at position 3 of said GIP peptide analogue.
 25. The GIP peptide analogue of any one of the preceding claims, wherein a fatty acid molecule is not attached at the N-terminal amino group of the most N-terminal amino acid residue of said GIP peptide analogue.
 26. The GIP peptide analogue of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the GIP peptide analogue has a free N-terminus.
 27. The GIP peptide analogue of any one of the preceding claims, wherein said peptide has an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: PGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR, GGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR, SGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR, pyroEGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR TFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR, TFISDYSIALDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR, EGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR, YSIAMDKIKQQDFVNWLLAQK, DYSIAMDKIKQQDFVNWLLAQK, SDYSIAMDKIKQQDFVNWLLAQK, ISDYSIAMDKIKQQDFVNWLLAQK, FISDYSIAMDKIKQQDFVNWLLAQK, TFISDYSIAMDKIKQQDFVNWLLAQE, TFISEYSIAMEKIKQQEFVQWLLAQK, AFISDYAAAMDKIKQQDFVAWLLAQK, EGTFISEYSIAMEKIKQQEFVQWLLAQK

or a variant thereof comprising 1 to 2 individual amino acid substitutions.
 28. The GIP peptide analogue of any one of the preceding claims, wherein said peptide is C-terminally amidated (—NH₂) or C-terminally carboxylated (—COOH).
 29. The GIP peptide analogue of any one of the preceding claims, wherein said peptide is C-terminally carboxylated (—COOH).
 30. The GIP peptide analogue of any one of the preceding claims, wherein said fatty acid molecule is a straight-chain fatty acid.
 31. The GIP peptide analogue according to any of the preceding claims, wherein said fatty acid molecule is a branched fatty acid.
 32. The GIP peptide analogue according to any of the preceding claims, wherein said fatty acid molecule is a monoacyl fatty acid molecule, comprising one fatty acid.
 33. The GIP peptide analogue according to any of the preceding claims, wherein said fatty acid molecule is a diacyl fatty acid molecule.
 34. The GIP peptide analogue according to any of the preceding claims, wherein said fatty acid molecule comprises an acyl group of the formula CH₃(CH₂)_(n)CO—, wherein n is in an integer from 4 to
 24. 35. The GIP peptide analogue according to any of the preceding claims, wherein said fatty acid molecule comprises one or more acyl groups selected from the group consisting of CH₃(CH₂)₆CO—, CH₃(CH₂)₈CO—, CH₃(CH₂)₁₀CO—, CH₃(CH₂)₁₂CO—, CH₃(CH₂)₁₄CO—, CH₃(CH₂)₁₆CO—, CH₃(CH₂)₁₈CO—, CH₃(CH₂)₂₀CO— and CH₃(CH₂)₂₂CO—.
 36. The GIP peptide analogue according to any of the preceding claims, wherein said fatty acid molecule comprises an acyl group selected from the group consisting of CH₃(CH₂)₁₀CO— (lauryl, C12), CH₃(CH₂)₁₂CO— (myristoyl, C14), CH₃(CH₂)₁₄CO— (palmitoyl, C16), CH₃(CH₂)₁₆CO— (stearyl, C18), CH₃(CH₂)₁₈CO— (arachidyl, C20) and CH₃(CH₂)₂₀CO— (behenyl, C22).
 37. The GIP peptide analogue according to any of the preceding claims, wherein said fatty acid molecule comprises two acyl groups individually selected from the group consisting of HOOC—CH₃(CH₂)₁₀CO— (dodecanoyl, C12), HOOC—CH₃(CH₂)₁₂CO— (1-tetradecanoyl, C14), HOOC—CH₃(CH₂)₁₄CO— (hexadecanoyl, C16), HOOC—CH₃(CH₂)₁₅CO— (15-carboxy-pentadecanoyl, C17), HOOC—CH₃(CH₂)₁₆CO— (octadecanoyl, C18), HOOC—CH₃(CH₂)₁₇CO— (17-carboxy-heptadecanoyl, C19), HOOC—CH₃(CH₂)₁₈CO— (eicosanoyl, C20), HOOC—CH₃(CH₂)₁₉CO— (19-carboxy-nonadecanoyl, C21) and HOOC—CH₃(CH₂)₂₀CO— (behenyl, C22).
 38. The GIP peptide analogue according to any of the preceding claims, wherein said fatty acid molecule comprises an acyl group of the formula COOH(CH₂)_(n)CO— (dicarboxylic acid), wherein n is an integer from 4 to
 24. 39. The GIP peptide analogue according to any of the preceding claims, wherein said fatty acid molecule comprises an acyl group selected from the group consisting of COOH(CH₂)₁₄CO—, COOH(CH₂)₁₆CO—, COOH(CH₂)₁₈CO— and COOH(CH₂)₂₀CO—.
 40. The GIP peptide analogue according to any of the preceding claims, wherein said fatty acid molecule comprises or consists of COOH(CH₂)₁₄CO—.
 41. The GIP peptide analogue according to any of the preceding claims, wherein said fatty acid molecule comprises or consists of COOH(CH₂)₁₆CO—.
 42. The GIP peptide analogue according to any of the preceding claims, wherein said fatty acid molecule comprises or consists of COOH(CH₂)₁₈CO—.
 43. The GIP peptide analogue according to any of the preceding claims, wherein said fatty acid molecule is attached to the epsilon amino group of the side chain of an amino acid residue of said GIP peptide analogue directly.
 44. The GIP peptide analogue according to any of the preceding claims, wherein said fatty acid molecule is attached to an amino acid residue via a linker.
 45. The GIP peptide analogue according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the fatty acid molecule is attached to an amino acid residue via a linker in such a way that a carboxyl group of the linker forms an amide bond with an amino group of the fatty acid molecule.
 46. The GIP peptide analogue according to any of the preceding claims, wherein said linker comprises one or more moieties individually selected from the group consisting of: a. one or more an α,ω-amino acids, b. one or more amino acids selected from the group consisting of succinic acid, Lys, Glu, Asp, c. 4-Abu, d. y-aminobuturic acid e. a dipeptide, such as a dipeptide wherein the C-terminal amino acid residue is Lys, His or Trp, preferably Lys, and wherein the N-terminal amino acid residue is selected from the group comprising Ala, Arg, Asp, Asn, Gly, Glu, Gln, Ile, Leu, Val, Phe and Pro, such as Gly-Lys, f. one or more of γ-aminobutanoyl (γ-aminobutyric acid), γ-glutamyl (γ-glutamic acid), β-asparagyl, β-alanyl and glycyl, and g. γ-glutamic acid-[8-amino-3,6-dioxaoctanoic acid]_(n) (γGlu-AEEAc_(n)), wherein n is an integer between 1 and 50, such as an integer between 1-2, 2-3, 3-4, 4-5, 5-6, 6-7, 7-8, 8-9, 9-10, 10-11, 11-12, 12-13, 13-14, 14-15, 15-20, 20-25, 25-30, 30-35, 35-40, 40-45, 45-50.
 47. The GIP peptide analogue according to any of the preceding claims, wherein said linker comprises one or more moieties individually selected from the group consisting of: a. α-amino acid, γ-amino acid or ω-amino acid, b. one or more amino acids selected from the group consisting of succinic acid, Lys, Glu, Asp, c. one or more of γ-aminobutanoyl (γ-aminobutyric acid), γ-Glu (γ-glutamic acid), β-Asp (β-asparagyl), β-Ala (β-alanyl) and Gly, and d. [8-amino-3,6-dioxaoctanoic acid]_(n) (AEEAc_(n)), wherein n is an integer between 1 and 50, such as an integer between 1-4, 1-3 or 1-2.
 48. The GIP peptide analogue of any one of the preceding claims, wherein said linker comprises a γ-Glu, one or more 8-amino-3,6-dioxaoctanoic acid (AEEAc), or combinations thereof.
 49. The GIP peptide analogue of any one of the preceding claims, wherein said linker comprises or consists of a γ-Glu.
 50. The GIP peptide analogue of any one of the preceding claims, wherein said linker comprises or consists of a [8-amino-3,6-dioxaoctanoic acid]_(n) (AEEAc)_(n), wherein n is an integer between 1 and 50, such as an integer between 1-2, 2-3, 3-4, 4-5, 5-6, 6-7, 7-8, 8-9, 9-10, 10-11, 11-12, 12-13, 13-14, 14-15, 15-20, 20-25, 25-30, 30-35, 35-40, 40-45, 45-50, preferably wherein n is 1, 2 or
 3. 51. The GIP peptide analogue of any one of the preceding claims, wherein said linker comprises or consists of a γ-Glu and one AEEAc, such as a γ-Glu and two AEEAc, for example a γ-Glu and three AEEAc.
 52. The GIP peptide analogue of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the fatty acid molecule is attached to an amino acid residue via a linker, and wherein the combination of linker and fatty acid is selected from the group consisting of: i. Hexadecanoyl-γ-Glu- ii. Hexadecanoyl-γ-Glu-γ-Glu- iii. Hexadecanoyl-γ-Glu-AEEAc- iv. Hexadecanoyl-γ-Glu-AEEAc-AEEAc- v. Hexadecanoyl-γ-Glu-AEEAc-AEEAc-AEEAc- vi. [15-carboxy-pentadecanoyl]-γ-Glu- vii. [15-carboxy-pentadecanoyl]-γ-Glu-γ-Glu- viii. [15-carboxy-pentadecanoyl]-γ-Glu-AEEAc- ix. [15-carboxy-pentadecanoyl]-γ-Glu-AEEAc-AEEAc- x. [15-carboxy-pentadecanoyl]-γ-Glu-AEEAc-AEEAc-AEEAc- xi. Octadecanoyl-γ-Glu- xii. Octadecanoyl-γ-Glu-γ-Glu- xiii. Octadecanoyl-γ-Glu-AEEAc- xiv. Octadecanoyl-γ-Glu-AEEAc-AEEAc- xv. Octadecanoyl-γ-Glu-AEEAc-AEEAc-AEEAc- xvi. [17-carboxy-heptadecanoyl]-γ-Glu- xvii. [17-carboxy-heptadecanoyl]-γ-Glu-γ-Glu- xviii. [17-carboxy-heptadecanoyl]-γ-Glu-AEEAc- xix. [17-carboxy-heptadecanoyl]-γ-Glu-AEEAc-AEEAc- xx. [17-carboxy-heptadecanoyl]-γ-Glu-AEEAc-AEEAc-AEEAc- xxi. Eicosanoyl-γ-Glu- xxii. Eicosanoyl-γ-Glu-γ-Glu- xxiii. Eicosanoyl-γ-Glu-AEEAc- xxiv. Eicosanoyl-γ-Glu-AEEAc-AEEAc- xxv. Eicosanoyl-γ-Glu-AEEAc-AEEAc-AEEAc- xxvi. [19-carboxy-nonadecanoyl]-γ-Glu- xxvii. [19-carboxy-nonadecanoyl]-γ-Glu-γ-Glu- xxviii. [19-carboxy-nonadecanoyl]-γ-Glu-AEEAc- xxix. [19-carboxy-nonadecanoyl]-γ-Glu-AEEAc-AEEAc- xxx. [19-carboxy-nonadecanoyl]-γ-Glu-AEEAc-AEEAc-AEEAc-.
 53. The GIP peptide analogue of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the fatty acid molecule is attached to an amino acid residue via a linker, and wherein the combination of linker and fatty acid is selected from the group consisting of: i. [15-Carboxy pentadecanoyl-yGlu ii. [17-carboxy-heptadecanoyl]-γ-Glu-AEEAc-AEEAc-, and iii. [17-carboxy-heptadecanoyl]-yGlu-yGlu
 54. The GIP peptide analogue of any one of the preceding claims selected from the group consisting of peptides having amino acid sequences consisting of: PGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-NH₂-C16-diacid/K18, PGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-C16-diacid/K18, PGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-(γ-Glu)-C16-diacid/K18, PGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-NH₂-(γ-Glu)-C16-diacid/K18, PGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-( AEEAc +γ-Glu)-C16-diacid/K18, PGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-NH₂-( AEEAc +γ-Glu)-C16- diacid/K18, PGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-(2x AEEAc +γ-Glu)-C16-diacid/K18, PGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-NH₂-(2x AEEAc +γ-Glu)-C16-diacid /K18, GGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-C16-diacid/K18, GGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-NH₂-C16-diacid/K18, GGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-(γ-Glu)-C16-diacid /K18, GGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR- NH₂-(γ-Glu)-C16-diacid, /K18, GGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-( AEEAc -γ-Glu)-C16-diacid /K18, GGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR- NH₂-( AEEAc -γ-Glu)-C16-diacid /K18, GGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-(2 AEEAc -γ-Glu-)C16-diacid /K18, GGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR- NH₂-(2x AEEAc -γ-Glu-)C16-diacid /K18, SGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-C16-diacid /K18, SGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR- NH₂-C16-diacid /K18, SGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-C18-diacid /K18, SGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-(γ-Glu)-C16-diacid /K18, SGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR- NH₂-(γ-Glu)-C16-diacid /K18, SGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-( AEEAc -γ-Glu)-C16-diacid /K18, SGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR- NH₂-( AEEAc -γ-Glu)-C16-diacid /K18, SGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-(2x AEEAc -γ-Glu)-C16-diacid /K18, SGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR- NH₂-(2x AEEAc G-γ-Glu)-C16- diacid /K18, SGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-(2x AEEAc -γ-Glu)-C18-diacid /K18, SGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-( AEEAc -γ-Glu)-C16-diacid /K18, SGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-(3x AEEAc -γ-Glu)-C18-diacid /K18, pyroEGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-C16-diacid /K18, pyroEGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-C18-diacid /K18, pyroEGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-(2x AEEAc -γ-Glu)-C16- diacid/K18, pyroEGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-(2x AEEAc -γ-Glu)-C18- diacid/K18, pyroEGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-(3x AEEAc -γ-Glu)-C16- diacid/K18, pyroEGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-(3x AEEAc -γ-Glu)-C18- diacid/K18, TFISDYSIALDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-(γ-Glu)-C16-diacid/K18, TFISDYSIALDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-( AEEAc +γ-Glu)-C16-diacid/K18, EGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-( AEEAc +γ-Glu)-C16-diacid/K18, EGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-(AEEAc +γ-Glu)-C18-diacid/K18, EGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-(2x AEEAc G+γ-Glu)-C16- diacid/K18, EGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-(2x AEEAc +γ-Glu)-C18-diacid/K18, EGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-(3x AEEAc +γ-Glu)-C16-diacid/K18, EGTFISDYSIAMDRIKQQDFVNWLLAQR-(3x AEEAc +γ-Glu)-C18-diacid/K18, YSIAMDKIKQQDFVNWLLAQK-C16-diacid/K18, DYSIAMDKIKQQDFVNWLLAQK-C16-diacid/K18, SDYSIAMDKIKQQDFVNWLLAQK-C16-diacid/K18, ISDYSIAMDKIKQQDFVNWLLAQK-C16-diacid/K18, FISDYSIAMDKIKQQDFVNWLLAQK-C16-diacid/K18, TFISDYSIAMDKIKQQDFVNWLLAQE-C16-diacid/K18, TFISEYSIAMEKIKQQEFVQWLLAQK-C16-diacid/K18, AFISDYAAAMDKIKQQDFVAWLLAQK-C16-diacid/K18, and EGTFISEYSIAMEKIKQQEFVQWLLAQK(NH₂)- 2xPEG+yGlu-C18-diacid/K18

or a variant thereof having 1 or 2 individual amino acid substitutions.
 55. The GIP peptide analogue according to any of the preceding claims for use in a method of inhibiting or reducing one or more of i) GIP-induced glucagon secretion, ii) GIP-induced insulin secretion, iii) GIP-induced somatostatin secretion, iv) GIP-induced glucose uptake, v) GIP-induced fatty acid synthesis and/or fatty acid incorporation, vi) high or increased expression or activity of a GIPR, vii) post-prandial GIP release, viii) serum levels of free fatty acids and/or triglycerides, ix) GIP-induced appetite increases, x) GIP-induced reduction in energy expenditure, xi) GIP-induced increase in absorption of nutrients from the gut, xii) GIP-induced decrease in GLP-1's appetite suppressive effect, xiii) GIP-induced leptin resistance
 56. The GIP peptide analogue according to any of the preceding claims for use in a method of treating a condition selected from the group consisting of metabolic syndrome, obesity, over-weight, an obesity-related disorder, pre-diabetes (impaired fasting glucose), diabetes mellitus (type I and type 2), a diabetes-related disorder, insulin resistance, elevated fasting glucose (hyperglycemia), elevated fasting serum triglyceride level (VLDL triglyceride), low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels, a fatty acid metabolism disorder, a cardiovascular disease, elevated blood pressure and atherosclerosis. 